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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Med.
Sec. Hepatobiliary Diseases
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1520714
Global burden and cross-country inequalities in gallbladder and biliary tract cancer (1990-2021) with projections to 2050: insights from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021
Provisionally accepted- 1 Department of general surgery, Fuzhou First Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- 2 Department of Endocrinology, Fuzhou First Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- 3 Department of breast surgery, Fuzhou First Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
Background: Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer (GBTC) presents a worldwide health challenge with a poor prognosis. Previous studies indicated an escalating burden and potential health inequalities, necessitating an updated investigation. Methods: This study utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, covering 204 countries from 1990 to 2021. Joinpoint regression evaluated temporal trends in age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates (ASDR) for GBTC. The Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model projected disease burden up to 2050. Inequality analysis assessed disparities by genders across countries, and decomposition analysis determined the contributions of demographic and epidemiological factors. Results: From 1990 to 2021, the incident cases of GBTC increased from 107,797 to 216,768, while Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) rose from 2,326,089 years to 3,732,121. Joinpoint regression analysis revealed a global decrease in ASIR (AAPC= -0.39%, 95% CI: -0.49 to -0.28) and ASDR (AAPC= -0.97%, 95% CI: -1.07 to -0.88). Gender disparities were notable, with a polar reversal observed: females exhibited consistently higher ASDR levels across three decades, although both ASDR and ASIR showed continuous decreases. In contrast, males experienced a decreased ASDR but increased ASIR, with both metrics eventually surpassing those of females. The projection model also suggested diverging ASIR trends between genders. Cross-country inequality analysis revealed persistent disparities, where higher SDI countries continue to bear a greater burden, and global improvement in health equity for males remains insufficient. Decomposition analysis indicated that population growth and ageing were primary drivers of disease burden increase, whereas epidemiological changes contributed to a reduction, particularly in higher SDI quintiles. Conclusions: Despite improvements, GBTC burden is still greater in high SDI regions compared to lower SDI areas, contrary to expectations. Unexpected polar reversal of gender differences warrants further attention.
Keywords: Bayesian age-period-cohort, Global burden of disease, Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer, health inequality, Joinpoint model, Unexpected disparities
Received: 31 Oct 2024; Accepted: 04 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Xie, Liu, Zhou, Zhu, Xiao and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Fangting Xiao, Department of breast surgery, Fuzhou First Hospital, Fuzhou, 350009, Fujian Province, China
Kun Zhang, Department of general surgery, Fuzhou First Hospital, Fuzhou, 350009, Fujian Province, China
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