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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Med.
Sec. Infectious Diseases: Pathogenesis and Therapy
Volume 11 - 2024 |
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1419801
Fibromyalgia in patients infected with HTLV-1 and HTLV-2
Provisionally accepted
Bianca L. Inomata Silva
1*
Francisco Erivan D. Rodrigues
1*
Márcio Y. Tsukimata
1
Bruno J. Botelho
1
Luciana Cristina C. Santos
1*
Gabriel d. Pereira Neto
1*
Aline Lima
1
Natália P. André
1*
Sarah M. Galdino
1*
Danniele C. Monteiro
1*
Gilberto T. Yoshikawa
1*
Leonardo T. Mendonça
1*
Juliana L. Ayres do Amaral
1*
Rosana D. Cruz
1*
Débora O. Onuma
1*
Antonio C. Vallinoto
2*
Bárbara N. Klemz
1*
Izaura M. Cayres-Vallinoto
1*- 1 Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- 2 Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
Background: Reports on the association between HTLV-2 infection and the development of diseases in the human host are rare, which has led the scientific community to believe that HTLV-2 is not an important etiological agent of lymphoproliferative or neurodegenerative disorders, which is the case for HTLV-1. In the present study, we demonstrated cases of fibromyalgia in HTLV-1 carriers and, in an unprecedented finding, in two patients with confirmed HTLV-2 infection.Methods: A total of 957 individuals visited the Virology Laboratory at the Federal University of Pará for screening and confirmation tests for HTLV-1/2 infection. Individuals with confirmed HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection were clinically evaluated for signs and symptoms associated with infection.Results: Sixty-nine individuals (7.2%) were identified as positive for HTLV infection, with 56 confirmed cases of HTLV-1 infection (5.9%), 12 cases of HTLV-2 infection (1.2%) and 1 case classified as undetermined (0.1%). Sixteen (23.2%) of these patients presented with rheumatological signs and complained of diffuse pain throughout the body; 12 of whom were infected by HTLV-1 (75%) and 4 were infected by HTLV-2 (25%). After anamnesis and careful evaluation, four patients were diagnosed with fibromyalgia, two of whom were infected by HTLV-1 (16.7%; 2/12) and two by HTLV-2 (50%; 2/4). The clinical follow-up and laboratory analysis results are reported in detail in this paper.Considering the clinical cases presented herein as the first reports of patients with HTLV-2 infection with clinical symptoms of fibromyalgia, the importance of further studies on the pathogenicity of HTLV-2, similar to what have already been performed for HTLV-1, is highlighted. Our results also confirm previous evidence of an association between HTLV-1 infection and fibromyalgia.
Keywords: Fibromialgia, Pain, virus, Infection, HTLV-1, HTLV-2
Received: 13 May 2024; Accepted: 15 Aug 2024.
Copyright: © 2024 Inomata Silva, Rodrigues, Tsukimata, Botelho, Santos, Pereira Neto, Lima, André, Galdino, Monteiro, Yoshikawa, Mendonça, Ayres do Amaral, Cruz, Onuma, Vallinoto, Klemz and Cayres-Vallinoto. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Bianca L. Inomata Silva, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
Francisco Erivan D. Rodrigues, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
Luciana Cristina C. Santos, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
Gabriel d. Pereira Neto, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
Natália P. André, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
Sarah M. Galdino, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
Danniele C. Monteiro, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
Gilberto T. Yoshikawa, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
Leonardo T. Mendonça, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
Juliana L. Ayres do Amaral, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
Rosana D. Cruz, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
Débora O. Onuma, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
Antonio C. Vallinoto, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
Bárbara N. Klemz, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
Izaura M. Cayres-Vallinoto, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
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