AUTHOR=Zhang Haiyue , Wu Huajun , Pan Dongli , Shen Weifeng 

TITLE=D-dimer levels and characteristics of lymphocyte subsets, cytokine profiles in peripheral blood of patients with severe COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Medicine

VOLUME=9

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.988666

DOI=10.3389/fmed.2022.988666

ISSN=2296-858X

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Purpose</title><p>A series of complications caused by severe COVID-19 can significantly affect short-term results. Therefore, early diagnosis is essential for critically COVID-19 patients. we aimed to investigate the correlation among D-dimer levels, lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and disease severity in COVID-19 patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Systematic review and meta- analysis of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, clinical trials, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) until 1 August 2022. We considered case-control, and cohort studies that compared laboratory parameters between patients with severe or non-serious diseases or between survivors and non-survivors. Pooled data was assessed by use of a random-effects model and used <italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup> to test heterogeneity. We assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle- Ottawa Scale.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Of the 5,561 identified studies, 32 were eligible and included in our analysis (<italic>N</italic> = 3,337 participants). Random-effect results indicated that patients with COVID-19 in severe group had higher levels for D-dimer (WMD = 1.217 mg/L, 95%CI=[0.788, 1.646], <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (WMD = 6.939, 95%CI = [4.581, 9.297], <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001), IL-2 (WMD = 0.371 pg/ml, 95%CI = [−0.190, 0.932], <italic>P</italic> = 0.004), IL-4 (WMD = 0.139 pg/ml, 95%CI = [0.060, 0.219], <italic>P</italic> = 0.717), IL-6 (WMD = 44.251 pg/ml, 95%CI = [27.010, 61.493], <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001), IL-10 (WMD = 3.718 pg/ml, 95%CI = [2.648, 4.788], <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001) as well as lower levels of lymphocytes (WMD = −0.468( × 10<sup>9</sup>/L), 95%CI = [−0.543, −0.394], <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001), T cells (WMD = −446.746(/μL), 95%CI = [−619.607, −273.885], <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001), B cells (WMD = −60.616(/μL), 95%CI = [−96.452, −24.780], <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001), NK cells (WMD = −68.297(/μL), 95%CI = [−90.600, −45.994], <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001), CD3+T cells (WMD = −487.870(/μL), 95%CI = [−627.248, −348.492], <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001), CD4+T cells (WMD = −290.134(/μL), 95%CI = [−370.834, −209.435], <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001), CD8+T cells (WMD = −188.781(/μL), 95%CI = [−227.806, −149.757], <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.001).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>There is a correlation among higher levels of D-dimer, cytokines, lower levels of lymphocyte subsets, and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. These effective biomarkers may help clinicians to evaluate the severity and prognosis of COVID-19. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42020196659.</p></sec><sec><title>Systematic review registration</title><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=196659" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=196659</ext-link>; PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020196659.</p></sec>