AUTHOR=Friedl Sarah , Jung Ernst Michael , Bergler Tobias , Tews Hauke C. , Banas Miriam C. , Banas Bernhard , Putz Franz Josef 

TITLE=Factors influencing the time-intensity curve analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in kidney transplanted patients: Toward a standardized contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Medicine

VOLUME=9

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.928567

DOI=10.3389/fmed.2022.928567

ISSN=2296-858X

ABSTRACT=<sec><title>Background</title><p>Time-intensity curve analysis (TIC analysis) based on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) provides quantifiable information about the microcirculation of different tissues. TIC analysis of kidney transplantations is still a field of research, and standardized study protocols are missing though being mandatory for the interpretation of TIC parameters in the clinical context. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different sizes and forms of regions of interest (ROIs) on the variance of different TIC parameters and the level of interoperator variance between the different ROI methods in kidney transplantations.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>In 25 renal transplanted patients, 33 CEUS of the transplanted kidney were performed, and TIC analysis with ROIs sized 5 mm<sup>2</sup> (ROI<sub>5</sub>), 10 mm<sup>2</sup> (ROI<sub>10</sub>), and ROIs circumscribing the outlines of anatomical regions (ROI<sub><italic>Anat</italic></sub>) were analyzed based on CEUS examination. The TIC analysis was repeated by a second independent operator for ROI<sub>5</sub> and ROI<sub><italic>Anat</italic></sub>.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between TIC parameters of different ROI methods, and overall, the interoperator variance was low. But a greater ROI surface (ROI<sub>10</sub>) led to higher values of the intensity parameters A and AUC compared with ROI<sub>5</sub> (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05). The difference in the ROI form led to high variation of certain TIC parameters between ROI<sub>5</sub> and ROI<sub><italic>Anat</italic></sub> in the myelon [intraclass correlation coefficient (A, ICC = 0.578 (0.139–0.793); TIC parameter (TTP); and ICC = 0.679 (0.344–0.842) (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05)]. A mean variation of 1 cm of the depth of ROI<sub>5</sub> in the cortex did not show significant differences in the TIC parameters, though there was an impact of depth of ROI<sub><italic>Anat</italic></sub> on the values of TIC parameters. The interoperator variance in the cortex was low and equal for ROI<sub>5</sub> and ROI<sub><italic>Anat</italic></sub>, but increased in the myelon, especially for ROI<sub><italic>Anat</italic></sub>. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a strong correlation between the parameter AUC and the time interval applied for the TIC analysis in the cortex and myelon (<italic>r</italic> = 0.710, 0.674, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.000).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Our findings suggest the application of multiple ROIs of 5 mm<sup>2</sup> in the cortex and medulla to perform TIC analysis of kidney transplants. For clinical interpretation of AUC, a standardized time interval for TIC analysis should be developed. After the standardization of the TIC analysis, the clinical predictive value could be investigated in further studies.</p></sec>