Lu Li
Zhe Zhao
Lin Dong
Jia Jia4
Hua Bai
Jie Wang- 1Health Service Department of the Guard Bureau of the Joint Staff Department, Beijing, China
- 2Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- 3Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- 4Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- 5Genetron Health (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
Background: Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with a high incidence of various cancer types. Multiple variants of mismatch repair genes have been reported for Lynch syndrome. However, the diagnosis in patients with atypical cancer types remains challenging. Specifically, little is known about the genetic background of Lynch syndrome-related renal carcinoma. We present a case wherein a renal carcinoma patient with multiple primary skin tumors harbored a variant that has not been previously shown to be associated with Lynch syndrome.
Case Presentation: The proband was a 60-year-old Chinese man with a history of Lynch syndrome-related renal carcinoma and recurrent primary skin tumors. Immunohistochemistry revealed loss of MSH2 and MSH6. Sequencing of mismatch repair genes revealed a previously unknown germline MSH2 mutation (c.1024_1026), which results in an amino acid deletion (p.V342). This variant was co-segregated among the carcinoma-affected family members. After six cycles of immunotherapy, a marked regression of the skin tumors was observed.
Conclusions: We clarify the pathogenic significance of this newly described mutation and suggest immunotherapy for patients with this subtype of Lynch syndrome.
Introduction
Lynch syndrome (LS), previously known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, is an autosomal dominant disorder that is associated with a high risk of developing colorectal and other cancers (1, 2). The pathogenesis of LS is associated with mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, including those in MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and EPCAM (3, 4). These mutations cause deficiencies in DNA repair, resulting in a high frequency of replication errors. Genetic analyses and protein expression analysis using immunohistochemistry (IHC) are essential for diagnosing LS (5, 6).
Approximately 1 in 350 individuals has LS (7), and different subtypes are associated with varying clinical symptoms and pathological features. Of the individuals with LS, 9.2% are affected by Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) (8). MTS is primarily related to MSH2 mutations and is characterized by skin tumors (such as sebaceous adenomas and skin squamous cell carcinomas) (9). However, MTS-related primary renal carcinomas with skin tumors have rarely been reported. We report a case of LS originating as a renal cell carcinoma with multiple primary tumors and a previously unknown MSH2 mutation (c.1024_1026).
Case Description
The proband had a history of various cancers (Figure 1). In 2001, at the age of 41 years, he was diagnosed with left kidney clear cell carcinoma. In 2008, he was diagnosed with right lung clear cell carcinoma due to renal tumor metastasis, in 2010 with bone metastases, and in 2019, he was diagnosed with a rectal submucosal neuroendocrine tumor. The proband received the standard treatment for each cancer.
Figure 1. Timeline of disease diagnosis and treatment.
In addition to the internal carcinomas, the proband also presented with multiple neoplasms, which developed sequentially, located on the skin of the head and neck or upper chest, with faster growth starting in 2013 (Figure 2). Pathology revealed primary benign and malignant tumors, including skin squamous cell carcinoma, keratoacanthoma, sebaceous adenoma, and sebaceous gland carcinoma (Supplementary Table 1). Starting in May 2019, the proband exhibited recurring skin tumors, at a rate of 15–17 per month. The tumors were removed and diagnosed as primary skin malignant tumors.
Figure 2. Clinical manifestations of the proband's skin tumors. The proband presented with recurrent skin tumors on the chest (squamous cell carcinoma) (A), back (hyperplastic squamous cell carcinoma) (B), neck (sebaceous adenoma) (C), face (sebaceous adenoma) (D). A nodule in the back shoulder before (0.9 × 0.6 cm) (E), and after (0.2 × 0.1 cm) (F) immunotherapy.
Family History
One brother of the proband died of gastric cancer and three sisters were all diagnosed with endometrial cancer, with one case accompanied by metachronous rectal cancer. Only one brother was cancer-free. In addition, a 47-year-old daughter of one of his sisters was also diagnosed with endometrial cancer. Because of the family history of LS-like cancers and skin lesions, the MTS subtype was considered as a diagnosis. Comprehensive genetic testing was performed, and genetic counseling was offered.
Laboratory Tests
MMR expression in the visceral and reduplicative skin neoplasms of the proband (Supplementary Table 2) was assessed using IHC with MaxVisionTM primary antibodies (anti-MLH1, MAB-0789; anti-PMS2, RMA-0775; anti-MSH2, MAB-0836; anti-MSH6, RMA-0770); results revealed the absence of MSH2 and MSH6 expression (Figure 3). Microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis of the genomic DNA—using a 5-mononucleotide marker panel (BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-24, and MONO-27)—and PCR analysis—using capillary electrophoresis on an ABI 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Forster City, CA)—generated inconsistent results, with MSI-high status for the chest squamous cell carcinoma (Supplementary Table 2). Whole exome sequencing on multiple tumor tissues and peripheral blood—performed using next-generation sequencing (Supplementary Table 2)—revealed a germline heterozygous deletion (c.1024_1026) in exon 6 of MSH2 on chromosome 2, resulting in a deletion of the valine residue at position 342 (p.V342). This autosomal dominant mutation excludes promoter methylation and has not been reported previously.
Figure 3. Immunohistochemistry of a sebaceous gland adenoma. (A) Hematoxylin and Eosin, 20x; (B) MLH1, 100x; (C) PMS2, 100x; (D) MSH2, 100x; (E) MSH6, 100x.
IHC on the tumor tissues obtained from the siblings and niece of the proband also revealed absence of MSH2 and MSH6 expression, along with microsatellite-stable status (Supplementary Table 3). The same MSH2 mutation (c.1024_1026, p.V342) was detected in samples from the affected family members, but not in those from the cancer-free sibling (Supplementary Table 3), supporting the pathogenic role of this MSH2 variant. Further analysis showed that three consecutive generations had inherited the mutation (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Pedigree of the family with MSH2 c.1024_1026. The arrow (→) indicates the proband. Squares and circles denote males and females, respectively. Roman numerals indicate generations. Black solids represent tumor patients. Patients number 4, 6, 13, and 18 suffered from endometrial carcinoma before the age of 50. Furthermore, patient number 4 also suffered from rectal carcinoma at the age of 52. Patient number 9 suffered from gastric carcinoma at the age of 60. Patient number 11 suffered from renal carcinoma at the age of 41, skin carcinoma at the age of 53, and a rectal neuroendocrine tumor at the age of 58. The asterisk (*) indicates MSH2 c.1024_1026 carriers. The pound (#) indicates non-carriers. The remaining family members have not been tested for MSH2 mutations.
Diagnostic Assessment
Clinical Diagnosis
Consideration of the multi-primary cancers, family history, and genetic testing resulted in the diagnosis of LS subtype MTS, based on the Amsterdam II criteria (10). The MSH2 mutation (c.1024_1026) will be documented in genetic databases such as The International Society for Gastrointestinal Hereditary Tumors (InSiGHT).
Therapeutic Intervention and Outcome
Based on the MMR gene defects and the MSI-high status, the proband was treated with sintilimab—an inhibitory antibody that binds to PD-1—at a dose of 200 mg per 3-week cycle. After 6 cycles, no new skin tumors were observed for nearly 5 months, and the size of the largest skin tumor decreased from 0.9 × 0.6 cm to 0.2 × 0.1 cm (Figure 2). So far, the proband has been treated with immunotherapy for more than a year without new lesions or severe adverse events. The proband's condition is stable and the efficacy of immunotherapy is being monitored.
Discussion
The presence of multiple sebaceous glands is a sign of MMR gene defects and may serve as a useful clinical parameter for diagnosing the MTS subtype of LS (11). Approximately 70–75% of the LS cases are caused by mutations in MSH2 and MLH1 (12). The in-frame deletion of MSH2 identified in this study (c.1024_1026) has not been reported previously. We have proposed a correlation between MSH2 and LS/MTS, which clarifies the prognosis of the proband, and provided guidance for early cancer screening in members of the proband's family. Future developments in in silico analyses may facilitate improved screening, diagnosis, and prevention.
Irradiation and excision of skin tumors and the use of isotretinoin to prevent recurrence—in conjunction with early detection of visceral tumors—may serve as beneficial strategies for LS/MTS treatment (13, 14). Immunotherapy in LS is mostly used for the treatment of multiple visceral metastases (15), and there is lack of evidence regarding the treatment of repeated skin tumors. Our results suggest that LS/MTS patients with difficult-to-control skin tumors can benefit from immunotherapy, and it is possible that this treatment has a preventive effect on the progress of subsequent visceral cancers. This poses a challenge with respect to monitoring the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Further studies are needed to provide more conclusive evidence.
In conclusion, we propose that the in-frame deletion of MSH2 (c.1024_1026) is a new pathogenic mutation associated with LS/MTS and that immunotherapy should be considered as a treatment for patients with this subtype of LS.
Patient Perspective
‘I was extremely troubled by the lumps on my skin, of which the incidence and the frequency of excision were getting higher and higher, before receiving immunotherapy. But after the application of immunotherapy, my skin tumors grew slowly, and the internal carcinomas were maintained stable. I was very satisfied with this. The care and attention I received in the cancer hospital from doctors and nurses was well-organized, comfortable and excellent. I believe I will be better and I also wish other cancer patients progressing.'
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Human Laboratory Responsibility Committee of the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Beijing, China). Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author Contributions
LL was responsible for sample acquisition and data interpretation and analysis. ZZ and HB were responsible for the clinical management of the patient and acquisition of data and helped draft the manuscript. LL and ZZ were the major contributors in writing the manuscript. LD and JJ were responsible for the pathological diagnosis and immunohistochemistry. KS was responsible for the genetic testing. JW was responsible for the clinical management, comprehensive interpretation of the data, and scientific revision. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by National Key Research and Development project (2019YFC1315700); the National Natural Sciences Foundation Key Program [81630071]; CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS 2016-I2M-3-008); Aiyou foundation (KY201701); Ministry of Education Innovation Team development project (IRT-17R10); and CAMS Key lab of translational research on lung cancer (2018PT31035).
Conflict of Interest
Author KS was employed by the company Genetron Health. Sequencing was conducted through Genetron Health, and they provided us with interpretations of the sequencing methodology.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Acknowledgments
We thank the patient and his family. Genetron Health (Beijing) Co., Ltd., provided the sequencing service for this research.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.811368/full#supplementary-material
Abbreviations
LS, Lynch Syndrome; MTS, Muir-Torre syndrome; MSI, microsatellite instability, MMR, mismatch repair; IHC, immunohistochemistry, TMB, tumor mutational burden.
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Keywords: DNA mismatch repair, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms, immunotherapy, MutS homolog 2 protein, skin neoplasms, case report
Citation: Li L, Zhao Z, Dong L, Jia J, Su K, Bai H and Wang J (2022) Case Report: A New Subtype of Lynch Syndrome Associated With MSH2 c.1024_1026 Identified in a Chinese Family. Front. Med. 9:811368. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.811368
Received: 18 December 2021; Accepted: 05 January 2022;
Published: 28 January 2022.
Edited by:
Giovanni Paolino, San Raffaele Hospital (IRCCS), ItalyReviewed by:
Philippe Lefrançois, McGill University, CanadaRiccardo Pampena, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale di Reggio Emilia, Italy
Copyright © 2022 Li, Zhao, Dong, Jia, Su, Bai and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Hua Bai, YmFpaHVhaGImI3gwMDA0MDtzaW5hLmNvbQ==; Jie Wang, emxodXhpJiN4MDAwNDA7MTYzLmNvbQ==
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship