AUTHOR=Chan Gordon Chun Kau , Wong Chun Ka , So Benjamin Y. F. , Ng Jack Kit Chung , Lui Grace Chung Yan , Szeto Cheuk Chun , Hung Ivan Fan Ngai , Tse Hung Fat , Tang Sydney C. W. , Chan Tak Mao , Chow Kai Ming , Yap Desmond Y. H. TITLE=Epidemiology and outcomes of hyponatremia in patients with COVID-19—A territory-wide study in Hong Kong JOURNAL=Frontiers in Medicine VOLUME=9 YEAR=2023 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.1096165 DOI=10.3389/fmed.2022.1096165 ISSN=2296-858X ABSTRACT=Background

Hyponatremia is common in COVID-19, but its epidemiology and impact on clinical outcomes in relation to different variants, especially the Omicron variant, requires further clarification.

Methods

This was a territory-wide retrospective study to investigate the epidemiology and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with hyponatremia from January 1, 2020 to March 31, 2022 in Hong Kong. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality of patients with COVID-19 and hyponatremia at presentation. Secondary outcomes included rate of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization, overall duration of hospitalization, and duration of ICU hospitalization.

Results

A total of 53,415 COVID-19 patients were included for analysis, of which 14,545 (27.2%) had hyponatremia at presentation. 9813 (67.5%), 2821 (19.4%), and 1911 (13.1%) had mild (130 to <135 mmol/L), moderate (125 to <130 mmol/L), and severe hyponatremia (<125 mmol/L) at presentation respectively. Age, male sex, diabetes, active malignancy, white cell count, serum creatinine, hypoalbuminemia, C-reactive protein, and viral loads were independent predictors for hyponatremia in COVID-19 patients (P < 0.001, for all). Hyponatremic patients had increased 30-day mortality (9.7 vs. 5.7%, P < 0.001), prolonged hospitalization (11.9 ± 15.1 days vs. 11.5 ± 12.1 days, P < 0.001), and more ICU admissions (7.0% vs. 3.3%, P < 0.001). Patients diagnosed during the “fifth wave” Omicron BA.2 outbreak had 2.29-fold risk (95% CI 2.02–2.59, P < 0.001) of presenting with hyponatremia compared to other waves.

Conclusion

Hyponatremia is common among COVID-19 patients, and may serve as a prognostic indicator for unfavorable outcomes and increased healthcare utilization in the evolving COVID-19 outbreak.