Long Xu1†
Xiaoxia Chen1†
Hong Huo2†
Yongye Liu1
Xiaodan Yang1
Dejian Gu3Mingming Yuan3Min Zhang3,4
Rongrong Chen3
Jiayin Wang4
Zhendong Zheng1*- 1Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- 2Department of Nephrology, The Chinese People's Liberation Army Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
- 3Geneplus-Beijing, Beijing, China
- 4School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
ROS1 rearrangement, identified in ~2% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), has defined a distinctive molecular subtype. Patients with ROS1 fusion have been shown to be highly sensitive to treatment with crizotinib. However, the efficacy of crizotinib in NSCLC patients with double ROS1 fusions remains to be elucidated. Here, we report a 40-year-old male diagnosed with stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma. Two ROS1 fusions [SDC4-ROS1 (EX2:EX32) and ROS1-GK (EX31:EX13)] were detected simultaneously in tumor tissue of this patient by next-generation sequencing. Crizotinib was administered, and the patient showed a partial response in lung lesions. Nevertheless, a brain lesion was found at 8 months after treatment. The slightly short duration of response may be related to the presence of ROS1-GK rearrangement. This case proved that patients with SDC4-ROS1 and ROS1-GK fusions may be sensitive to crizotinib, but short progression-free survival of this case showed that the presence of ROS1-GK rearrangement may affect the efficacy of crizotinib. A large-scale investigation on the efficacy of ROS1 inhibitors in patients with complex ROS1 fusions should be conducted in the future.
Introduction
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents the major histological subtype of the disease (1). The ROS proto-oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1) gene has been proven to be a valuable therapeutic target in NSCLC patients. The prevalence of ROS1 rearrangements is estimated to be 1–2% in NSCLC patients (2). CD74 is the most common ROS1 fusion partner. To date, at least 20 fusion partners have been reported in NSCLC, including SLC34A2, ADGRG6, and GOPC (3–5). With the rapid development of gene sequencing technologies, more and more ROS1 fusion partners are being identified, with their responses to crizotinib reported in several case reports (6, 7).
Crizotinib is an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)/ROS1/MET inhibitor, and it has become the first targeted agent approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of advanced ROS1-rearranged NSCLC (8, 9). Despite dramatic response to crizotinib therapy in patients with ROS1 rearrangements, the response duration varies among patients with different clinical and genetic characteristics. Compared to patients with CD74-ROS1 fusion, patients with non-CD74-ROS1 fusion had a significantly longer progression-free survival (PFS) (17.63 vs. 12.63 months, p = 0.048) and overall survival (44.50 vs. 24.33 months, p = 0.036) (8). A retrospective study investigated the influence of concomitant mutations on crizotinib efficacy among 19 NSCLC patients with ROS1 fusion. The result suggested that patients with exclusive ROS1 fusion had a longer PFS than those with concomitant mutations (15.5 vs. 8.5 months, p = 0.0213) (10). In addition, the clinical characteristics related to crizotinib efficacy in patients with ROS1-rearranged NSCLC were analyzed, and >2 baseline metastatic organ involvement was identified as the only independent prognostic factor of PFS (hazard ratio, 4.762; 95% confidence interval, 1.515–14.961; p = 0.008) (11). The report of worse clinical outcomes in ALK-rearranged NSCLC patients whose tumors harbor nonreciprocal/reciprocal ALK translocation, which leads to another gene fused to ALK gene, reminded us to explore whether complex ROS1 fusions influence the response of patients to crizotinib. In this study, we describe a NSCLC patient with double ROS1 fusions who showed obvious but unsustainable response to crizotinib.
Case Report
A 40-year-old smoking man presented to our hospital complaining of a 5-month history of aggravating and irritating dry cough in April 2019. In 1999, he underwent surgery for ulna fracture. He denied other prior disease and family history. Percussion of right upper lung showed solid sound, and auscultation suggested that the right lung breath sound was weak. The chest computed tomography (CT) showed a mass in the right lung (7.6 cm × 5.8 cm) with multiple enlarged lymph nodes in mediastinum (Figures 1A, 2). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) did not find any significant space-occupying lesions in the brain. Percutaneous lung biopsy was performed, and atypical cells were observed (Figure 1B). Immunohistochemical staining showed positive expression for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), cytokeratin (CK) 8/18, and CK7, as well as negative expression for CK5/6, novel aspartic proteinase A (Napsin A), and P40. Pathological findings of the lung biopsy established the diagnosis of lung low-differentiated adenocarcinoma. Finally, his disease was diagnosed as right lung adenocarcinoma (T3N2M0, IIIA).
Figure 1. Lung adenocarcinoma shown by radiologic and pathologic examinations. (A) Chest CT scan reveals a mass in right lung. (B) Hematoxylin and eosin staining shows a low differentiation adenocarcinoma (HE × 100).
Figure 2. Timeline of diagnosis and treatment of the patient, with CT and MRI scans of lesions during the treatment of crizotinib additionally provided.
The biopsy tissue was sent for next-generation sequencing using a commercially customized pan-cancer 1,021-gene panel that was described previously (12). A total of five somatic mutations were detected (Table 1), including SDC4-ROS1(EX2:EX32) and ROS1-GK (EX31:EX13) double ROS1 rearrangements with mutant allele frequency of 7.0 and 7.8%, respectively (Figure 3). The other three mutations occurred in NF1, ERBB4, and EPAS1 genes, respectively, without corresponding targeted agents indicated.
Table 1. Gene mutation results of tissue before crizotinib.
Figure 3. (A) Sequencing reads of SDC4 and ROS1 are shown by the Integrative Genomics Viewer, and Schematic representation of the SDC4- ROS1 fusion protein domain structure. (B) The Integrative Genomics Viewer snapshot of ROS1-GK fusion. Schematic representation of the ROS1-GK fusion protein domain structure. Orange, SDC4; blue, ROS1; blue, ROS1; cyan, ADGRG6.
Considering the existence of crizotinib-sensitive SDC4-ROS1 fusion, the patient was treated with crizotinib 250 mg orally twice daily as first-line treatment since May 2019. After 2 months of treatment, the cough significantly improved, and a follow-up CT suggested a partial response in the lung lesions (4.2 cm × 3.3 cm) according to the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors v1.1. The follow-up CT examinations at 5 and 7 months after treatment showed that the lung lesion was stable compared with previous examinations (Figure 2). In February 2020, the patient was admitted to the hospital for 1 month of progressively aggravated headache, dizziness, vomiting, and nausea. The MRI revealed an iso-signal shadow with a diameter of 0.8 cm and 2.1 cm in the right frontal lobe and parietal lobe, respectively, suggesting metastatic lesions in the brain (Figure 2). Then, the patient was treated with gamma knife to brain lesions in March 2020. After radiotherapy, the headache of the patient was basically relieved, with occasional dizziness and no severe nausea and vomiting. Therefore, no further systemic treatment was given. In May 2020, the patient reported slight fatigue and no new symptoms and other obvious discomfort. Chest CT was performed, and no significant change was found in the lung lesions. Moreover, no significant abnormalities were found during the brain MRI reexamination. In May 2020, the patient began the treatment of traditional Chinese medicine by himself. During the follow-up inquiry in July 2020, the patient complained of anorexia, occasional nausea, and no other discomfort symptoms.
Discussion
This study firstly described the detection of double ROS1 rearrangements (SDC4-ROS1 and ROS1-GK) in a smoking lung adenocarcinoma patient who showed the obvious but unsustainable response to crizotinib treatment. After 8 months of treatment, the patient developed symptoms of dizziness, and novel brain lesions were found. ROS1 is one of 58 human receptor tyrosine kinases and the only member of its own subfamily (13). In this patient, exons 32–43 of ROS1 were fused to exons 1–2 of SDC4. The fusion product retained the entire ROS1 tyrosine kinase domain. SDC4 is a common fusion partner of ROS1, constituting for 13% of ROS1 fusion in Chinese patients, and intron 2 for SDC4 and intron 31 for ROS1 are common breakpoint point locations (14). Patients with SDC4-ROS1 rearrangement were enrolled into the clinical study to access the efficacy of crizotinib in NSCLC patients with ROS1 fusion. The median PFS for all ROS1-positive patients, non-CD74-ROS1 group and CD74-ROS1 group, was 12.63 months, 17.63 and 12.63 months, respectively (8). The 5′ ROS1 fusion was ROS1-GK, which is a novel ROS1 fusion. GK gene is located at chromosome Xp21.2 and includes 24 exons. GK gene is a protein coding gene belonging to the FGGY kinase family, which is a key enzyme in the regulation of glycerol uptake and metabolism (15). The expression of GK gene in human lung epithelial cells and NSCLC cells has been reported (16). In this novel ROS1-GK fusion, the fusion breakpoint falls into intron 31 of ROS1; the 5′ ROS1 region containing several fibronectin type III regions and the 5′ GK region were both retained in the fusion product. The ROS1-GK fusion itself was speculated to be nonfunctional due to the absence of ROS1 tyrosine kinase domain. Given the prominent efficacy of crizotinib in ROS1-rearranged NSCLC patients, with the median PFS ranging from 15.9 to 19.3 months in different clinical studies (17, 18), the relatively shorter PFS in our case prompted us to explore potential negative factors influencing crizotinib efficacy.
NSCLC patients with CD74-ROS1 fusion, concomitant mutations, or >2 metastatic organs have been confirmed to have a relatively inferior response to crizotinib treatment in previous studies (8–11). In this case, the patient was initially diagnosed as stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma. Although three concomitant mutations were detected simultaneously, these mutations have not been reported to be oncogenic or influence the efficacy of crizotinib. Therefore, known negative factors could not explain the inferior survival in our patient. We noticed that several studies reported the identification of double ALK fusions in one patient, and high incidence of brain metastases and inferior efficacy of crizotinib treatment in this special population (19–21). ROS1 shares extensive amino acid homology with ALK, especially in the kinase domain (22), and is phylogenetically related to ALK (23). Therefore, we speculated that GK-ROS1 fusion in our case might contribute to the unsustainable response to crizotinib. GK, ROS1, and SDC4 are located on chromosome X, 6, and 20, respectively. Double ROS1 fusions identified in our patient suggested the more complex chromosomal abnormality, which might be associated with poor prognosis. Further in vitro or in vivo researches may provide a stronger evidence supporting that the patient harboring double ROS1 translocations (GK-ROS1 and SDC4-ROS1) was sensitive to crizotinib treatment. Because of the low incidence rate of ROS1 fusion in NSCLC, only one case was reported in our study. Large-scale investigations on the efficacy of ROS1 inhibitors in patients with complex ROS1 fusions should be conducted in the future.
Conclusion
In summary, the novel double ROS1 rearrangements were firstly identified in a smoking, lung adenocarcinoma patient, and he responded to crizotinib in a relatively short time in first-line treatment. The shorter PFS may be associated with the presence of double ROS1 rearrangements. Besides classical ROS1 fusion, the identification of other concomitant ROS1 fusions using next-generation sequencing might predict the survival outcomes of crizotinib treatment.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by General Hospital of Northern Theater Command. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author Contributions
LX, XC, and HH: conceptualization and design, writing, original draft, and writing review and editing. YL, XY, DG, MY, and MZ: data collection and analysis, and writing review and editing. RC and JW: conceptualization and design, and writing review and editing. ZZ: conceptualization, supervision, and writing review and editing. All author have reviewed and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This work was supported by Wu Jiping Medical Foundation project [320.6750.16228].
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Acknowledgments
We owe thanks to the patients in our study and their family members. We acknowledge the staffs of all centers for their assistance to this study.
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Keywords: next-generation sequencing, lung adenocarcinoma, double ROS1 fusion, crizotinib, novel ROS1 fusion
Citation: Xu L, Chen X, Huo H, Liu Y, Yang X, Gu D, Yuan M, Zhang M, Chen R, Wang J and Zheng Z (2021) Case Report: Detection of Double ROS1 Translocations, SDC4-ROS1 and ROS1-GK, in a Lung Adenocarcinoma Patient and Response to Crizotinib. Front. Med. 8:649177. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.649177
Received: 03 February 2021; Accepted: 09 August 2021;
Published: 20 September 2021.
Edited by:
Maria Eugenia Laucho-Contreras, Fundación Neumológica Colombiana, ColombiaReviewed by:
Sheng-Ming Wu, Taipei Medical University, TaiwanRafael Rosell, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Spain
Copyright © 2021 Xu, Chen, Huo, Liu, Yang, Gu, Yuan, Zhang, Chen, Wang and Zheng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Zhendong Zheng, emhlbmd6aGRvbmcmI3gwMDA0MDsxNjMuY29t
†These authors have contributed equally to this work