Arch G. Mainous III- Departments of Health Services Research, Management & Policy and Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Primary care has a positive impact on health equity, cost reduction, and improved quality of care (1–3). Primary care is characterized by the Cs of continuity, coordination of care, comprehensiveness and first contact care. Because of these characteristics, primary providers play a key role in the provision of care. For example, both patients and providers highly value continuity of care, a defining characteristic of primary care and a feature related to lower costs and better outcomes (2, 4–6). Consequently, strengthening primary care is a key policy strategy to improve the outcomes of health care delivery.
Unfortunately, there is a declining interest in primary care by US medical school graduates. Only 9% of US medical school graduates match in family medicine (7). The proportion of US graduates choosing family medicine has been low for many years, with family medicine residencies relying on international medical graduates. Further, complicating this is the fact that the US is that another source of primary care physicians that comes from post-graduate training is declining: general internal medicine practitioners, and general pediatricians (8, 9).
This issue of maintaining a sufficient primary care workforce isn't only a US problem. This is a worldwide problem. The proportion of general practitioners/family physicians is low or trending down in many countries ranging from Canada to Oman to France and is lower than that recommended by the World Health Organization (10–12). For example, in one study, only 20% of graduating students in France prefer general practice as their specialty choice (13).
What are the Implications of an Insufficient Primary Care Workforce?
As was mentioned earlier, primary care has a positive impact on improved quality of care and cost reduction. An additional benefit that has substantial implications is access to care. For many health policymakers, access to care is synonymous with health insurance. Studies in the US commonly operationalize health care access as having insurance. That is a very limited view that doesn't pay justice to the value of primary care. In a country with universal access to health care, a place where everyone has health insurance, access to care shouldn't be a problem. A series of studies has shown that in the United Kingdom, in areas with low numbers of general practitioners, even though everyone has health insurance, health outcomes are worse (14, 15). In a study of all general practices in England, one of the strongest predictors of patient mortality was the number of GPs per 1,000 patients (15). That finding supports the case that general practice in England lacks capacity to meet demand and as a consequence, the patients do worse. Similarly, in a study of preventive primary care for children and risk of unplanned and ambulatory care sensitive condition (ACSC) hospital admission, a high uptake of preventive primary care from birth is associated with fewer unplanned and ACSC hospital admissions in children (16). These findings show that primary care access and a sufficient workforce is a key to providing quality health care.
Another clinical issue affected by an insufficient primary care workforce is the detection and management of chronic disease. Primary care providers are the first line for detection of disease and play an equally important role in the long term management of chronic disease. If there aren't enough primary care physicians for the population then detection and management of a common problem like hypertension falls through the cracks (14). The downstream implications are increased strokes, heart attacks and other complications from poorly managed hypertension.
We have seen during the COVID-19 pandemic that ACSCs like hypertension and diabetes play a huge role in the severity of illness with COVID-19 (17). Primary care plays a key role in health promotion and disease prevention, particularly with ACSCs. ACSCs and their management are dependent on access to appropriate care, and in particular primary care. In low income countries where the healthcare system is already weak, COVID-19 places a heavy burden and fractures care for chronic disease. It has been argued that appropriate primary care seems to play a positive role in decreasing the impact of COVID-19 and attention to conditions other than just flu-like illness may pay positive dividends (18).
In addition to the provision of clinical care, an insufficient primary care workforce has implications for the scientific base for primary care practice. Discussions about the need for more and better primary care research to improve practice have taken place for years (19). If the primary care workforce declines too low, then it is likely that the academic workforce will also decline. A likely consequence is that primary care research declines and the evidence based for the specialty declines as well. This could have significant deleterious implications for innovation and evidence based care in primary care.
What Needs to be Done?
Maintaining a sufficient primary care workforce has positive benefits. The number of primary providers is inadequate for population health and effective delivery within health systems. The evidence is there for both of these assertions. We all want high quality care for patients and the population so how do we solve this ongoing and potentially worsening problem? First, from a structural standpoint in health systems, primary care needs to be emphasized. This is a position that needs to be embraced from a private health system perspective as well as a national health system perspective in countries around the world. Primary care physicians tend to be the lowest paid among medical specialties so an adjustment in compensation may need to take place. Discussion of a change in compensation across specialties will produce more than just a spirited discussion. It is likely to be met with substantial opposition. However, in the best interest of the patients and the population this difficult discussion needs to be had.
Further, it is important to think of all problems and solutions having a bit of a local flavor. Different countries will have different health structures and reimbursement systems. That said, the problem of maintaining an appropriate primary care presence cuts across many countries. There will likely need to be local solutions to this overarching problem.
In sum, we need to think creatively and act aggressively to maintain a sufficient primary care workforce. The evidence is there that solving this problem will be in the best interest of patients and the population.
Author Contributions
AM conceptualized and wrote this article.
Conflict of Interest
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
I want to thank Amy Blue, Ph.D. for her comments.
References
1. Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Q. (2005) 83:457–502. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00409.x
2. Bazemore A, Petterson S, Peterson LE, Bruno R, Chung Y, Phillips RL Jr. Higher primary care physician continuity is associated with lower costs and hospitalizations. Ann Fam Med. (2018) 16:492–7. doi: 10.1370/afm.2308
3. Chang CH, Stukel TA, Flood AB, Goodman DC. Primary care physician workforce and Medicare beneficiaries' health outcomes. JAMA. (2011) 305:2096–104. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.665
4. Mainous AG 3rd, Gill JM. The importance of continuity of care in the likelihood of future hospitalization: is site of care equivalent to a primary clinician? Am J Public Health. (1998) 88:1539–41. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.88.10.1539
5. Oddone EZ, Boulware LE. Primary care: medicine's gordian knot. Am J Med Sci. (2016) 351:20–5. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2015.10.010
6. Stokes T, Tarrant C, Mainous AG 3rd, Schers H, Freeman G, Baker R. Continuity of care: is the personal doctor still important? A survey of general practitioners and family physicians in England and Wales, the United States, and The Netherlands. Ann Fam Med. (2005) 3:353–9. doi: 10.1370/afm.351
7. American Academy of Family Physicians. 2020 match results for family medicine. (2020). Available online at: https://www.aafp.org/medical-school-residency/program-directors/nrmp.html (accessed December 4, 2020).
8. Dalen JE, Ryan KJ, Alpert JS. Where have the generalists gone? They became specialists, then subspecialists. Am J Med. (2017) 130:766–8. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.01.026
9. Dall T, Reynolds R, Chakrabarti R, Jones K, Iacobucci W. The complexities of physician supply and demand: projections from 2018 to 2033. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges 2020 The Complexities of Physician Supply and Demand: Projections From 2018 to 2033. Available online at: aamc.org (accessed December 4, 2020).
10. Al-Salmani AA, Al-Shidhani A, Jaafar N, Al-Mahrezi A. Factors associated with choice of career in family medicine among junior doctors in Oman. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. (2020) 20:e337–43. doi: 10.18295/squmj.2020.20.03.014
11. Puertas EB, Arósquipa C, Gutiérrez D. Factors that influence a career choice in primary care among medical students from high-, middle-, and low-income countries: a systematic review. Rev Panam Salud Publica. (2013) 34:351–8.
12. Scott I, Gowans M, Wright B, Brenneis F, Banner S, Boone J. Determinants of choosing a career in family medicine. CMAJ. (2011) 183:E1–8. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.091805
13. Lefevre JH, Roupret M, Kerneis S, Karila L. Career choices of medical students: a national survey of 1780 students. Med Educ. (2010) 44:603–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03707.x
14. Bankart MJ, Anwar MS, Walker N, Mainous AG 3rd, Baker R. Are there enough GPs in England to detect hypertension and maintain access? A cross-sectional study. Br J Gen Pract. (2013) 63:e339–44. doi: 10.3399/bjgp13X667204
15. Baker R, Honeyford K, Levene LS, Mainous AG 3rd, Jones DR, Bankart MJ, et al. Population characteristics, mechanisms of primary care and premature mortality in England: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. (2016) 6:e009981. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009981
16. Cecil E, Bottle A, Ma R, Hargreaves DS, Wolfe I, Mainous AG 3rd, et al. Impact of preventive primary care on children's unplanned hospital admissions: a population-based birth cohort study of UK children 2000-2013. BMC Med. (2018) 16:151. doi: 10.1186/s12916-018-1142-3
17. Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, O'Halloran A, Cummings C, Holstein R, et al. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 — COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1–30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. (2020) 69:458–64. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e3
18. Mainous AG 3rd, Saxena S, de Rochars VMB, Macceus D. COVID-19 highlights health promotion and chronic disease prevention amid health disparities. Br J Gen Pract. (2020) 70:372–3. doi: 10.3399/bjgp20X711785
Keywords: primary care/general practice, setting of care, workforce (manpower), health policy, specialty choice, family medicine
Citation: Mainous AG III (2021) Maintaining a Sufficient Primary Care Workforce: A Problem We Should Not Have. Front. Med. 7:638894. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.638894
Received: 07 December 2020; Accepted: 22 December 2020;
Published: 20 January 2021.
Edited and reviewed by: Michel Goldman, Institute for Interdisciplinary Innovation in healthcare (I3h), Belgium
Copyright © 2021 Mainous. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Arch G. Mainous III, YXJjaC5tYWlub3VzJiN4MDAwNDA7dWZsLmVkdQ==