Han Wang
Hua Yu1†
Wen-Ming Cong- 1Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- 2Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
Aim: The influence of surgical margin on the prognosis of patients with early solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (≤5 cm) is undetermined.
Methods: The data of 904 patients with early solitary HCC who underwent liver resection were collected for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance the potential bias.
Results: Log-rank tests showed that 2 mm was the best cutoff value to discriminate the prognosis of early HCC. Liver resection with a >2 mm surgical margin distance (wide-margin group) led to better 5-year RFS and OS rate compared with liver resection with a ≤2 mm surgical margin distance (narrow-margin group) among patients both before (RFS: 59.1% vs. 39.6%, P < 0.001; OS: 85.3% vs. 73.7%, P < 0.001) and after PSM (RFS: 56.3% vs. 41.0%, P < 0.001; OS: 83.0% vs. 75.0%, P = 0.010). Subgroup analysis showed that a wide-margin resection significantly improved the prognosis of patients with microvascular invasion (RFS: P < 0.001; OS: P = 0.001) and patients without liver cirrhosis (RFS: P < 0.001; OS: P = 0.001) after PSM. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that narrow-margin resection is associated with poorer RFS [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.781, P < 0.001), OS (HR = 1.935, P < 0.001], and early recurrence (HR = 1.925, P < 0.001).
Conclusions: A wide-margin resection resulted in better clinical outcomes than a narrow-margin resection among patients with early solitary HCC, especially for those with microvascular invasion and without cirrhosis. An individual strategy of surgical margin should be formulated preoperation according to both tumor factors and background liver factors.
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common pathological type of primary liver cancer (1). Solitary HCC up to 5 cm has been authenticated to be low invasive and identified as early HCC with excellent long-term outcomes after curative treatment (2, 3). Although liver resection (LR) of early HCC can result in approximately 75% 5-year overall survival (OS) rate, ~60 to 70% 5-year tumor recurrence rate is still a main clinical concern (4).
Although many optimal strategies for adjuvant therapy after LR, such as transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and antivirus treatment, have been confirmed to positively facilitate clinical outcomes, the patients' sufferings, compliance, and finances would prevent the implementation of these measures to some extent (5–7). Therefore, it is still the best way to benefit patients through a one-off radical resection. Concerning both tumor eradication and liver volume preservation, precise hepatectomy is necessary. The parameters reflecting the pathobiological behaviors of tumor and background liver are the best reference for retrospective exploration of strategies for individualized surgical treatment (8).
Microvascular invasion (MVI) is a histological feature that indicates aggressive behavior of HCC (9, 10). The presence of MVI has been regarded as one of the most essential parameters reflecting postoperative recurrence and long-term survival, even in very early-stage HCC (11). A South Korean study showed that solitary HCCs of 2 to 5 cm without MVI could benefit from anatomical resection compared with those with MVI (12). Nevertheless, another study demonstrated anatomical resection was a significantly favorable factor for the MVI positive patients who had single nodule HCC <5 cm (13). Interestingly, a recent study reported that a wide-margin LR improved the long-term prognosis of hepatitis B–related HCC with MVI, which prompted that the low residual rate of tumor cells caused by adequately resection might be the true reason of good prognosis (14).
In addition, liver cirrhosis is one of the most common inducing factors of hepatocarcinogenesis and also directly indicates the feasibility of operation (15, 16). With the development of surgical techniques, some HCC patients with advanced cirrhosis also could achieve curative LR on the premise of perioperative safety (17, 18). However, few studies have explored the impact of surgical margin on the long-term prognosis of those patients. A multicenter study revealed that multiple recurrences near the resection margin or at extrahepatic sites were more frequent in the normal liver HCC patients, whereas solitary recurrence at a distant site was more common in the liver cirrhosis HCC patients (19). Considering opposite significance of different recurrence pattern (20), individual resection range is worthy of discussion in HCC patients with and without liver cirrhosis.
Taking the above results into account, we hypothesize that adequate margin distance may have a positive effect on the prognosis of early HCC patients and therefore carry out the current study. Furthermore, subgroup analysis is performed based on MVI and liver cirrhosis, in order to explore individual therapeutic strategy aiming at both tumor malignancy and background liver function.
Materials and Methods
Patients
This study was conducted on patients who underwent LR for primary solitary HCC up to 5 cm at the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital (EHBH) in Shanghai, China, between December 2009 and December 2010. Inclusion criteria included histologically confirmed HCC, solitary tumor up to 5 cm, and Child–Pugh A–B. Exclusion criteria included combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma, recurrent HCC, macroscopic tumor thrombus in major portal/hepatic veins and bile ducts, extrahepatic metastasis, severe liver dysfunction (such as massive ascites and hepatic encephalopathy), preoperative anticancer treatment, and a history of other malignancy. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the EHBH (no. EHBHKY2015-02-001). Written informed consent was issued by all the patients before operation for using their data for the research.
Preoperative Assessment and Pathologic Diagnosis
Liver function, tumor markers, complete blood count, blood coagulation function, and hepatitis tests constituted routine preoperative laboratory examinations. Imaging studies included chest x-ray, as well as ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen. All operations were conducted using a conventional open approach. Intraoperative ultrasonography was used routinely to accurately judge the size, number, location of the lesions, and their relationship to major vascular structures and to rule out additional unknown lesions. Although a wide surgical margin was the aim of the hepatic resection, a grossly negative macroscopic margin without tumor exposure was authorized adequate.
The sampling protocol was implemented by pathologists based on the 7-point baseline sampling protocol as previously reported (21). Three experienced pathologists evaluated all sections independently. The tumor size was on account of the largest dimension of the tumor in the resection specimen. Microvascular invasion was defined as tumors within a vascular space lined by endothelium that was visible only on microscopy (22). Liver cirrhosis was defined as at least one pseudolobule was seen in the liver tissue microscopically. The Edmondson–Steiner classification was used to determine HCC differentiation (23). The definition of anatomical resection was based on the Brisbane 2000 Nomenclature of Liver Anatomy and Resections, and non-anatomical resection indicated wedge/limited resection (24). Anatomical resection was defined as the systematic removal of a hepatic territory confined by tumor-bearing portal branches, whereas non-anatomical resection was defined as local resection or enucleation regardless of Couinaud segments.
Follow-Up
All patients were followed up once every 2 months in the first year and once every 3 months thereafter. Follow-up investigations consisted of ultrasonographic scans, CT, or MRI with serum α-fetoprotein (AFP). The recurrence-free survival (RFS) was defined as the time from initial treatment to tumor recurrence or censored. Overall survival was defined as the interval between treatment and death or the date of the last follow-up visit. Follow-up data were censored until 60 months.
Relapse was considered as suspicious imaging findings or a biopsy-confirmed tumor. As the diagnosis of tumor recurrence was certain, the therapeutic options were decided according to number of tumors, tumor site, liver function, and general patient condition. Treatment methods included surgical re-resection, ablation, TACE, and other selections, such as liver transplantation, chemotherapy, percutaneous ethanol injection therapy, radiotherapy, sorafenib, and translational Chinese medicine.
X-Tile and Best Cut-Off Value of Surgical Margin
In the previous studies, macroscopic no margin (25), 5 mm (26), and 1 cm (14) all have been employed as the cutoff values of surgical margin. However, these values were based more on the clinical experience, rather than evidence. Considering the high perioperative safety of early HCC, prognosis is regarded as the best reference to explore the cutoff value of surgical margin distance. In our study, X-tile plots were used for assessment of surgical margin, which was represented as distance value and optimization of cut-point based on RFS and OS (27). Statistical significance was assessed using the cutoff score derived from 904 HCC cases by a standard log-rank method, with P-values obtained from a lookup table. The distance value that obtained the biggest χ2 value was employed as the cutoff point that discriminated “wide-margin” and “narrow-margin” LR.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were described as mean ± standard deviation. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies (percentages). Statistical calculation of categorical and continuous variables was performed using the χ2 test or the Fisher exact test and the Student t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test, when appropriate. Survival analyses were conducted utilizing the Kaplan–Meier method, the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards model was used in exploring independent prognostic factors of RFS and OS. The predictive factors of MVI were determined using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Variables with P < 0.1 in univariable analysis of the Cox regression and logistic regression were selected for screening of the multivariable model.
The influence of confounding factors and selection bias were reduced by propensity score matching (PSM) (28). All variables with potential differences (P < 0.2) were entered into the PSM model. The matching variables included age, albumin (ALB), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), platelets, prothrombin time (PT), hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid (HBV DNA) load, Child–Pugh classification, hepatectomy method, transfusion, diameter, cirrhosis, capsule, and MVI. Considering the high correlation between PT and international normalized ratio, we selected PT in propensity matching. The logistic regression analysis was performed using the nearest neighbor matching to estimate the propensity score. The ratio for matching was established at 1:1 using a caliper of width equal to 0.05 of the standard deviation of the logit of the propensity score. No discards or replacements were employed. All P-values were 2-tailed, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were conducted with the software package SPSS 24.0 (IBM, New York, USA).
Results
Suitable Cut-Points of Surgical Margin Distance
In this study, 904 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included. Based on the X-tile plots results, both RFS and OS of 904 HCC patients obtained the biggest discrimination when using 2 mm as the cutoff value of surgical margin distance (Figure 1A: RFS, P < 0.0001, χ2 = 37.9838; Figure 1B: OS, P = 0.0008, χ2 = 18.2927). As such, patients who underwent a ≤2 mm surgical margin LR were defined as “narrow-margin” group (n = 440); otherwise, “wide-margin” group (n = 464). Supplementary Table 1 shows the χ2 and P-values when other surgical margin distance values were used as the cutoff point.
Figure 1. Prognosis analyses by X-tile plot based on the distance of surgical margin. X-tile plots showing (A) recurrence-free survival; (B) overall survival.
Patient Demographics
Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of all the patients. After PSM analysis, 335 pairs of patients were selected, and comparisons of all parameters between the two groups revealed no significant differences (Table 1, all P > 0.05). In the whole patients, perioperative mortality (≤60 days) occurred in 5 patients (0.55%), of which 4 and 1 patients underwent narrow- and wide-margin LR.
Table 1. Baseline clinicopathological characteristics of patients.
Impact of Surgical Margin on Prognosis
For the whole patients, a narrow-margin LR provided a more adverse prognosis than a wide-margin LR, with 1-, 3-, and 5-year RFS rates being 76.1, 49.3, and 39.6% vs. 85.3, 69.5, and 59.1%, respectively (Figure 2A, P < 0.001). The mean RFSs in narrow- and wide-margin groups were 35.32 and 44.67 months, respectively. The corresponding OS rates were 95.2, 84.1, and 73.7% vs. 98.7, 91.2, and 85.3%, respectively (Figure 2B, P < 0.001). The mean OS in narrow- and wide-margin groups were 52.16 and 55.88 months, respectively.
Figure 2. Survival analysis of a wide-margin vs. a narrow-margin liver resection for the early solitary hepatocellular carcinoma. (A) Recurrence-free survival in the whole patients, (B) overall survival in the whole patients, (C) recurrence-free survival in the patients after propensity score matching, (D) overall survival in the patients after propensity score matching.
For the patients of the PSM group, the results also showed that narrow-margin LR indicated a poorer prognosis compared with wide-margin LR. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year RFS rates in narrow- and wide-margin groups were 74.4, 48.2, and 41.0% vs. 82.6, 66.9, and 56.3%, respectively (Figure 2C, P < 0.001). The mean time of RFS was 35.00 months in the narrow-margin group and 43.09 months in the wide-margin group. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates in corresponding groups were 94.9, 84.0, and 75.0% vs. 98.2, 90.3, and 83.0%, respectively (Figure 2D, P = 0.010). The mean time of OS was 52.26 months in the narrow-margin group and 55.33 months in the wide-margin group.
Subgroup Survival Analysis Based on MVI and Liver Cirrhosis
Subgroup analysis for the whole patients showed that wide-margin surgery benefits more on prognosis for both MVI-negative and MVI-positive patients (Supplementary Figure 1). However, for the patients in the PSM group, the influence of surgical margin on prognosis was distinguished by presence of MVI. For the patients without MVI, both RFS and OS showed no significant difference in narrow- and wide-margin groups. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year RFS rates in the two groups were 81.4, 57.7, and 50.6% vs. 87.9, 71.1, and 56.1%, respectively (Figure 3A, P = 0.113). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates in the two groups were 98.0, 94.0, and 86.2% vs. 99.0, 94.4, and 87.5%, respectively (Figure 3B, P = 0.720). For the patients with MVI, the narrow-margin group obtained a higher recurrence rate than did the wide-margin group. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year RFS rates in the two groups were 63.3, 32.8, and 25.4% vs. 74.9, 60.6, and 56.7%, respectively (Figure 3C, P < 0.001). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates in the two groups were 89.9, 67.8, and 56.8% vs. 97.1, 84.2, and 76.3%, respectively (Figure 3D, P = 0.001). The predictive model of MVI is shown in Supplementary Table 2.
Figure 3. Subgroup analysis of a wide-margin vs. a narrow-margin liver resection for the patients in the propensity score matching group. (A) Recurrence-free survival in the patients without microvascular invasion, (B) overall survival in the patients without microvascular invasion, (C) recurrence-free survival in the patients with microvascular invasion, (D) overall survival in the patients with microvascular invasion.
Subgroup analysis for the whole patients based on the liver cirrhosis is shown in Supplementary Figure 2. The impact of surgical margin on prognosis was distinguished by presence of liver cirrhosis for the patients of the PSM group. For the patients without liver cirrhosis, those who underwent a wide-margin LR obtained better clinical outcomes than did patients who underwent a narrow-margin LR. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year RFS rates in the two groups were 89.3, 78.6, and 68.7% vs. 74.8, 49.1, and 39.5%, respectively (Figure 4A, P < 0.001). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates in the two groups were 99.2, 94.2, and 90.9% vs. 97.6, 87.0, and 75.0%, respectively (Figure 4B, P = 0.001). For the patients with liver cirrhosis, there is no statistical difference by wide- or narrow-margin LR. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year RFS rates in the two groups were 78.7, 60.1, and 49.0% vs. 74.2, 47.6, and 42.0%, respectively (Figure 4C, P = 0.088). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates in the two groups were 97.6, 88.0, and 78.2% vs. 93.2, 82.2, and 75.0%, respectively (Figure 4D, P = 0.353).
Figure 4. Subgroup analysis of a wide-margin vs. a narrow-margin liver resection for the patients in the propensity score matching group. (A) Recurrence-free survival in the patients without liver cirrhosis, (B) overall survival in the patients without liver cirrhosis, (C) recurrence-free survival in the patients with liver cirrhosis, (D) overall survival in the patients with liver cirrhosis.
Prognostic Factors of RFS and OS
Results on the Cox regression analysis of the whole patients for RFS and OS are revealed in Table 2. Multivariable analysis included male, lower ALB, higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST), higher GGT, higher PT, presence of MVI, and narrow-margin LR as the independent prognostic determinants of poorer RFS. Higher GGT, larger tumor diameter, liver cirrhosis, presence of MVI, and narrow-margin LR were independently correlated with poorer OS.
Table 2. Prognosis factors of recurrence-free survival and overall survival in the whole patients.
Prognostic Factors of Early and Late Tumor Recurrence
The independent risk factors for early tumor recurrence (<2 years) were assessed among all the 904 patients, whereas the factors associated with late recurrence were analyzed among the 596 patients who had a postoperative recurrence after 2 years or more or did not recur (Table 3). The multivariable analyses indicated that the following factors were related to early relapse: AST, AFP, HBV DNA load, tumor capsule, MVI, and surgical margin. Simultaneously, late relapse was associated with GGT, Child–Pugh classification, and liver cirrhosis. The recurrence pattern of all patients is shown in Supplementary Table 3.
Table 3. Prognosis factors of early and late recurrence in the whole patients.
Discussion
Hepatic resection has been accepted as the preferred treatment method for single-nodule HCC patients with well-preserved liver function (29). Nevertheless, it is still worth exploring how to cut the tumors thoroughly and preserve liver volume to the greatest extent. However, there is still controversial on patient selection, standard of surgery, and its distributed impact on prognosis (30, 31). Given that large-size tumor calls for more stringent method about volume of residual liver parenchyma, and multinodular HCC is difficult to make statistical assessment, solitary early HCCs up to 5 cm served as the research population of this study. For the best treatment method of those HCCs, LR and ablation are always employed for comparison. A real-world study showed that LR possessed superior intrahepatic control rate than radiofrequency ablation in most conditions of HCC smaller than 5 cm (32). Another study based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database also revealed that LR may confer more survival benefits than radiofrequency ablation for different tumor sizes measuring up to 5 cm and may be an appropriate first-line treatment (33). For the recurrent early HCC, a randomized clinical trial suggested that repeat hepatectomy was associated with better OS than radiofrequency ablation among patients with a tumor diameter from 3 to 5 cm. Therefore, LR still may have advantages in the radical removal of tumor. Furthermore, most reports indicated that the benefit of a wide margin of LR is more prominent (34–36). Therefore, we explore the influence of surgical margin on the prognosis of early HCC patients.
Taking 2 mm as the cutoff point of surgical margin, the results suggested that the surgical extent of LR significantly affects disease recurrence and long-term survival in treating early HCC, and we observed a significant 19.5% decrease in the 5-year recurrence rate and an 11.6% increase in the 5-year OS rate for the wide-margin LR group when compared to the narrow-margin LR group, and similar results were demonstrated after PSM. In addition, a low perioperative mortality could be maintained. All these results prompted that a wide-margin LR is an effective and safety intervention.
Previous viewpoint reminded that the necessity of adequate surgical margin was mainly to completely remove MVI and its subsequent portal dissemination and satellitosis (37). Therefore, subgroup analyses were performed to explore the impact of MVI on surgical margin. For the whole patients, survival analysis showed that patients with or without MVI all could benefit from a wide-margin surgery. We deemed it might be attributed to the imbalance of baseline characteristics, and therefore we performed a PSM analysis. It was remarkable that our study revealed that wide-margin LR only significantly improved the prognosis of early HCC patients with MVI instead of those without MVI after PSM. Our results also corroborated that MVI was significantly associated with early recurrence rather than late recurrence. As such, integrating the close relationship between early recurrence and intrahepatic relapse of residual tumor, a wide-margin LR is a useful intervention of MVI-positive early HCC patients. In addition, liver cirrhosis represents the baseline liver state of patients and is associated with recurrence (38). In our study, the whole patients who were with absence of liver cirrhosis could benefit from a wide-margin surgery in RFS and OS, and those who were with presence of liver cirrhosis could not benefit from a wide-margin surgery in OS, whereas after PSM, it was remarkable that our results suggest that only patients without liver cirrhosis could apparently benefit from a wide-margin LR. We suppose that liver fibrosis is the inducement of HCC and simultaneously the mechanism to repair chronic injury. Therefore, a certain degree of proliferation of fibrous tissue in liver can limit the occurrence of tumor micrometastasis, especially the occurrence of MVI. Our results also showed that presence of tumor capsule, which reflects hepatic fibrosis response, was obviously associated with low risk of MVI and early recurrence. Therefore, a detailed assessment of MVI and liver cirrhosis before operation is essential. We also suggest that HCC patients with absence of liver cirrhosis can benefit most from wide-margin LR.
Different from liver cirrhosis, which can be roughly judged by preoperative laboratory testing and intraoperative gross observation, MVI is a histopathological appearance that could be detected only with microscopy. It is almost implausible to make a decision on resection margin precisely based on the presence of MVI before hepatectomy. Therefore, the storm eye is whether it is enforceable to accurately predict the presence of MVI preoperatively. Scholars launched a great quantity of works about this topic. For instance, Banerjee et al. (39) used radiogenomic venous invasion, a contrast-enhanced CT biomarker, to predict MVI. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of it in predicting MVI were 89, 76, and 94%, respectively. Lee et al. (40) applied arterial peritumoral enhancement, non-smooth tumor margin, and peritumoral hypointensity on hepatobiliary phase based on gadoxetic acid–enhanced MRI to realize a >90% specificity of MVI prediction. Furthermore, artificial neural network and nomogram were also performed to develop reference to both imaging and laboratory test in order to make MVI prediction more diversified (41, 42). We also build a predicted model of MVI based on the patients in our study, which included ALP, AFP, PT, and tumor capsule. To a certain degree, this model could help in clinical screening of the population with high risk of MVI to adopt appropriate surgical strategies.
To our best knowledge, this study was the first to analyze the impact of surgical margin on the early HCC up to 5 cm and to suggest its correspondence with MVI and liver cirrhosis. However, the study still had several limitations. First, the study design was retrospective and therefore was subject to various inherent biases, which may have affected the reliability of some results. Second, the study involved designations of ≤2 mm as “narrow” and >2 mm as “wide” resection margins, whereas other studies used different values, which could present bias when comparing results across studies. The best surgical margin distance for various HCC patients still needs further exploration for more details and more individuals. Finally, our predictive model of MVI lacked external validation. Future studies will need to validate our findings in external population of both Eastern and Western patients.
Conclusions
Among patients undergoing curative resection for solitary early HCC up to 5 cm, our study showed that a “wide-margin” (>2 mm) vs. “narrow-margin” (≤2 mm) surgical resection has a preponderant effect on both RFS and OS, especially for patients with presence of MVI and absence of liver cirrhosis. An MVI predictive model has also been proposed and recommended to be routinely used in the preoperative assessment to assist in the adoption of proper surgical procedures. Appropriate surgical margin should be assessed preoperatively based on both tumor factors and background liver factors.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.
Ethics Statement
This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital (NO. EHBHKY2015-02-001). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author Contributions
Conception and critical revision: W-MC. Study design: W-MC and HW. Administrative support: M-CW. Data collection and acquisition: HW, HY, Y-WQ, and Z-YC. Data analysis: HW and HY. Manuscript preparation: HW and Y-WQ. Final approval of manuscript: all authors.
Funding
We have received funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81472278 and No. 81502086), the Funds for Creative Research Groups of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81521091), and the Scientific Research Foundation of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning (Grant No. 20154Y0140) in this article.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2020.00139/full#supplementary-material
Abbreviations
HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma; LR, Liver resection; OS, Overall survival; TACE, Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; MVI, Microvascular invasion; EHBH, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; CT, Computed tomography; MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging; ES, Edmondson–Steiner; AFP, α-Fetoprotein; RFS, Recurrence-free survival; PSM, Propensity score matching; ALB, Albumin; GGT, γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase; ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; PLT, Platelets; PT, Prothrombin time; HBV DNA, Hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid; INR, International normalized ratio; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase.
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Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, early stage, margin, microvascular invasion, liver cirrhosis, recurrence, prognosis
Citation: Wang H, Yu H, Qian Y-W, Cao Z-Y, Wu M-C and Cong W-M (2020) Impact of Surgical Margin on the Prognosis of Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma (≤5 cm): A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Front. Med. 7:139. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00139
Received: 08 November 2019; Accepted: 30 March 2020;
Published: 07 May 2020.
Edited by:
Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma, Evandro Chagas Institute, BrazilReviewed by:
Matteo Donadon, Humanitas Research Hospital, ItalyLuca Vigano, Milan University, Italy
Copyright © 2020 Wang, Yu, Qian, Cao, Wu and Cong. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Wen-Ming Cong, d21jb25nJiN4MDAwNDA7c21tdS5lZHUuY24=; ZWhiaGNvbmd3ZW5taW5nJiN4MDAwNDA7MTI2LmNvbQ==
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship