Alain Londero
Deborah A. Hall- 1Service ORL et CCF, Hôpital Européen G. Pompidou, Paris, France
- 2NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
- 3Otology and Hearing Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Tinnitus is a very common symptom affecting 5.1–42.7% of the population (1) and is frequently seen in family medicine and primary care settings. Despite its considerable socioeconomic relevance (2), real progress in developing an effective cure for tinnitus has been fruitless (3). In most of the cases, the proposed therapies remain palliative; aiming at alleviating the negative consequences of tinnitus. Although the need for effective management options for tinnitus is clear, methodological and reporting quality of clinical trials have been low (4, 5) making useful recommendations and practical guidelines for family medicine and primary health-care practitioners almost impossible to draw. Indeed, Baguley and colleagues (6) concluded that, with the exception of cognitive behavior therapy for tinnitus, evidence for the effectiveness of different treatment strategies is insufficient (pp. 1605).
The CONSORT statement1 is perhaps the most well-known guideline for solving problems arising from inadequate reporting of randomized controlled trials, but other tinnitus-specific statements have been around since the 1990s. Unfortunately, these recommendations have not yet transformed standards in the tinnitus field so far. Indeed, recent systematic reviews of published clinical trials aiming at evaluating tinnitus therapeutic interventions have shown that reporting is still flawed by poor methodology and poor reporting (4, 5).
In this opinion, we discuss the selection and reporting of outcomes; perhaps, the most important aspect of determining whether a treatment works for patients and whether this treatment should be implemented in the medical practice either in primary or secondary settings. Selecting an appropriate outcome for determining clinical efficacy is one of those key trial design decisions. As Noble eloquently put it: “critical to any form of treatment for tinnitus is the reliance placed on measures to assess the effectiveness of the intervention” (pp. 20) (7). Just over 10 years later, Landgrebe et al. (8) made the same point stressing that “assessment of outcome is probably the single most important factor in conducting a clinical trial in tinnitus” (pp. 9). This is so because in clinical trials, therapeutic benefit is evaluated according to its effect on primary (and secondary) outcome measures that should be purposefully chosen according to the complaints (domains) of tinnitus considered to be most important from the perspective of determining therapeutic benefit (9). More specifically, the primary outcome measure is that which confirms whether or not the primary hypothesis is supported by the data. It is typically a variable relating to clinical efficacy but could also be one relating to safety, tolerability, or quality of life, if that is the primary research question. Generally speaking, the primary outcome should also be the endpoint that is clinically relevant from the patients’ perspective and to health-care providers’ in their everyday practice, not just significant from a statistical point of view. In support of this, the ICH E9 states that “The primary variable should be that variable capable of providing the most clinically relevant and convincing evidence directly related to the primary objective of the trial” (pp. 5) (10).
Bearing in mind that tinnitus is a subjective condition for which patients experience a diversity of complaints, there is no straightforward outcome instrument. Outcome reporting typically relies on self-report, often in the form of a multi-item tinnitus questionnaire that asks questions about a range of complaints (not all of which are the same across existing questionnaires). A number of important issues have been raised and debated over the years, but many of those concerns remain unresolved. Table 1 summarizes conclusions/recommendations about clinical trial outcomes in tinnitus. Although this may not be exhaustive, it nevertheless serves to illustrate the status of the field spanning across three decades.
Table 1. Concluding remarks or recommendations about clinical trial outcomes in tinnitus made in various review articles.
Our observations are as follows:
(i) Are instruments really validated for use in assessing tinnitus treatment-related change?
While early conclusions implied that questionnaires are the “best” primary outcomes and that adequate “validated” questionnaires exist for this purpose, by 2007 some researchers were beginning to challenge the validity of existing tinnitus questionnaires for use in assessing treatment-related change (11). In 2010, a particularly critical evaluation of the psychometric properties of six of the commonly used multi-item questionnaires assessing tinnitus burden, including the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, TQ, and Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire, was published by Kamalski et al. (12). For each identified tinnitus-specific Health-Related-Quality of Life questionnaire, they systematically searched for published details regarding the questionnaire’s test characteristics including number of domains, construct validity, internal consistency, reproducibility, and responsiveness. Like Meikle et al. (13), they were critical that none of the six questionnaires assessed had been validated for evaluative purposes, which is necessary to be useful in clinical trials. In particular, responsiveness, which measures the ability to detect a clinically important change over time, had not been reported for any of the six instruments.
Fackrell et al. (14) raised a new issue about the dynamic nature of psychometric properties. What questionnaire properties hold for one patient population might not for another. Indeed, for this reason we prefer the term psychometric “exploration” not “validation,” and we hope that questionnaire developers might be sympathetic to adaptations in order to maintain equivalence across cultures [see also Ref. (15)].
(ii) Can we reduce the diversity of outcome instruments?
Two recent systematic reviews of outcome instruments in tinnitus trials have confirmed unacceptable heterogeneity in measurement tools (4, 5) For example, we found 78 different primary outcome instruments across 228 trials (5). This makes comparisons between studies elusive.
(iii) What is a clinically meaningful effect?
Tyler et al. (9) highlighted the importance of benefit from the individual patient experience, although this psychometric property of tinnitus questionnaires has generally not been investigated or quantified [see Meikle et al. (16), for a good example].
In the race to develop and utilize tinnitus questionnaires in our research, we are losing sight of understanding “what” it is that needs to be measured at the expense of “how” it is measured. Do we really know which tinnitus-related complaints are the most relevant both from the first and second line health-care providers’ and patients’ perspectives? We would argue not. Primary care physicians and patients in particular have been left out of the questionnaire development process.
Involving primary care physicians and patients in developing outcome reporting standards would go a long way to resolving heterogeneity in outcome assessment and ensuring its relevance. It could then help the tinnitus community to focus efforts on conducting an appropriate psychometric exploration of whatever are the preferred instruments. As an important first step, we are therefore leading a consensus exercise to develop an agreed minimum reporting set of outcomes for trials of interventions in tinnitus. What is urgently needed are targeted discussions around “what” needs to be measured for each therapeutic approach (sound therapies, pharmacological therapies, psychological interventions, and neuromodulation) since not all interventions seek to alleviate the same tinnitus-related complaints.
Such consensus for a minimal (core) set of outcome measurements that should be used in every clinical trial clearly calls for a predefined, multidisciplinary (including patients and primary care professionals), international, and methodologically driven clinimetric approach (17). The rationale underpinning this scientific approach of outcome assessment has already been theorized. For example, the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative brings together from all over the world researchers interested in the development and application of agreed standardized “Core Outcome Sets” (COS) (18). A COS represents the minimum that should be measured and reported in all clinical trials for a specific condition (19). COS could also be suitable for a use in clinical audit or research other than randomized trials. One should note that COS are not limitative. If necessary, other outcomes might be added to those in the relevant COS in a particular trial. But, it is recommended that all the COS items should be collected and reported, making it easier for the results to be compared, contrasted, and merged as appropriate. Indeed, similar international initiatives aiming at harmonizing outcome assessment are already existing such as for eczema (HOME for Harmonizing Outcome Measures for Eczema) (20) or, in the auditory field, for hearing loss (ICF for International Classification of Functioning, disability, and health core sets for hearing loss) (21). Then, we urge the tinnitus community to adopt and adapt these international standards of outcome definition and evaluation to the tinnitus field.
Deciding which outcome domains should be in this minimal core set requires a great deal of interactions and collaboration between stakeholders, professionals, and patients. This objective lends itself well to an international and multidisciplinary effort. We propose to follow a Delphi methodology to reach this goal. Delphi might be defined as “a method for structuring a group communication process so that the process is effective in allowing a group of individuals, as a whole, to deal with a complex problem” (22). Delphi methodology has been already proposed with success to reach a consensus in a variety of complex medical issues [e.g., see Ref. (23–25)]. Delphi methodology has also been used in the tinnitus field (26). Adapting a Delphi protocol to define a consensus core set of domains and a core set of instruments for tinnitus assessment in clinical trials is the aim of the recently launched Core Outcome Measures in Tinnitus (COMiT) initiative on behalf of the EU COST BM1306 action.2 The activities of our COMiT initiative are registered on the website of the COMET initiative3 according to roadmap that plans out a program of work. The first step is aimed at identifying and agreeing on core domains (27). It has started with two systematic reviews in order to establish existing knowledge and practice: the first review reflects the view of professional stakeholders by systematically looking at the current reported outcome domains in tinnitus intervention studies. The results of this review have already been published according to the PRISMA checklist of items to include when reporting a systematic review (5) establishing which outcome domains and outcome instruments have been measured in recent registered and published clinical trials. The second one represents the opinion of tinnitus people who experience the condition and/or their significant others by systematically searching in the literature and the internet the dimensions or domains that relate to tinnitus perceived intrusiveness. This second study will summarize the findings of narrative syntheses of qualitative data to establish which domains are important to patient and their significant others (28).
The data synthesis arising from both of these reviews will inform our online Delphi process, which will seek a consensus about what outcome domains are important both from health-care professionals’ and patients’ perspectives. The methods for reaching consensus will use an iterative series of questionnaires, with an international multidisciplinary panel of patients, clinicians, and other professional stakeholder groups (such as industry) all contributing with their views. We plan to conduct three independent Delphi processes devoted to different types of interventions (sound-, psychology-, and pharmacology-based interventions) that may require different COS. This Delphi process is illustrated in Figure 1. It is expected that the whole Delphi process will cover the 4-year period of the COST Action BM1306 grant. Our strong belief is that this innovative effort will improve not only trial reporting in the tinnitus domain but also the practical guidelines recommended in primary or secondary care settings for this common condition mistakenly considered to be always untreatable.
Figure 1. Proposed Delphi survey strategy to identify different core outcome sets that are appropriately tailored according to different tinnitus interventions.
Author Contributions
AL and DAH participated in conceiving, drafting, and revising the article and gave final approval of the version to be submitted.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Funding
This is an independent research program funded under the Biomedicine and Molecular Biosciences European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action framework (TINNET BM1306).
Footnotes
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Keywords: tinnitus, Delphi survey, trial reporting, core outcome set, patient-reported complaints
Citation: Londero A and Hall DA (2017) Call for an Evidence-Based Consensus on Outcome Reporting in Tinnitus Intervention Studies. Front. Med. 4:42. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00042
Received: 30 October 2016; Accepted: 27 March 2017;
Published: 21 April 2017
Edited by:
Ank De Jonge, VU University Medical Center, NetherlandsReviewed by:
Andrés Soto-Varela, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, SpainCopyright: © 2017 Londero and Hall. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Alain Londero, YWxhaW4ubG9uZGVybyYjeDAwMDQwO2VncC5hcGhwLmZy