Mohammed Asiri1Yamamah Jawad BahrAluloom2Mazin Abdullateef Alzubaidi3Ibrahim Mourad Mohammed4Muath Suliman1Eman Ramzy Muhammad5Ahmed S. Abed6Fattma Abodi Ali7
Salema K. Hadrawi8*Ali H. Alsalamy9Marim Alwave10- 1Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- 2College of MLT, University of Ahl Al Bayt, Kerbala, Iraq
- 3Department of Anesthesia, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
- 4Department of Medicine, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
- 5Department of Dentistry, AlNoor University College, Bartella, Iraq
- 6Department of Prosthetic Dental Technology, Hilla University College, Babylon, Hillah, Iraq
- 7College of Health Sciences, Medical Microbiology Department, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
- 8Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Technical Engineering Department, College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- 9College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq
- 10Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
Several biological properties of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and fiber compounds have been reported, and combinations of these structures can have unique properties. In this study, copper-containing and cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures were synthesized by the ultrasonic technique. Then, novel Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures were synthesized using the ultrasonic method. Synthesized Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures were used as a new and efficient recyclable catalyst in the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives using the four-component reaction of phenylhydrazine, ethyl acetoacetate, malononitrile, and aldehyde. In the following, novel Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA (poly vinyl alcohol) fiber nanostructures were synthesized by electrospinning and using Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and PVA. The structures of the Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and the Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures were identified and confirmed using BET, TGA, FTIR, SEM, and XRD. In biological studies, the antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxicity activities of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures were evaluated. In investigating the catalytic activity of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF, pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives were synthesized with higher efficiency and less time than previously reported methods. High antibacterial (against gram-negative and gram-positive strains) and antifungal properties of synthesized Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures were observed (MIC between 16 and 256 μg/mL), which were higher than some commercial drugs. In the investigation of cytotoxicity activity, the effectiveness on breast cancer cells was studied. The maximum cell proliferation and viability for Cu/Co-hybrid MOF and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures were 38% and 38% higher than the control in a concentration of 200 μg/mL after 48 h. The high catalytic and biological properties of the synthesized nanoparticles can be attributed to the presence of nano-sized bioactive metals and their high specific surface area. The significant physical-chemical properties obtained for synthesized nanoparticles in this study can be related to the desirable synthesis methods, the development of materials with high purity, and the incorporation of hybrid compounds into the nanostructures.
1 Introduction
Pyrazole and pyran are two heterocyclic compounds that are abundant in nature. Several biological properties of these compounds have been reported. According to the rules of organic chemistry, the heterocyclic compound created from the connection of these two compounds is known as pyranopyrazole. Several properties that have preserved the biological activities of both these heterocyclic compounds, such as anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities, have been reported in pyranopyrazoles. The most common method of synthesizing these compounds is multicomponent reactions. In multicomponent reactions, where the reactants create the final product in one pot and one step, the catalyst plays an essential role. Therefore, choosing a suitable catalyst is very important in reaction efficiency and product synthesis time (Alam et al., 2015; Garazd and Garazd, 2016; Tipale et al., 2018; Nunes et al., 2020; Sikandar and Zahoor, 2021).
Recently introduced efficient catalysts in the multicomponent synthesis of heterocyclic compounds are metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). MOFs have unique properties due to their high specific surface area and porous structure (Ding et al., 2019). Other applications of MOFs in the fields of medicine, gas storage, and separation (Chen et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020), preferential gas sorption (Yoon et al., 2010), and photodynamic therapy (Lismont et al., 2017) have been reported. In addition, MOFs containing transition metals such as copper, zinc, and cobalt with cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties have been reported (Dutta et al., 2019; Ghasemzadeh et al., 2020; Luo et al., 2021; Abdelmoaty et al., 2022; Han et al., 2022).
MOF compounds can be used in the synthesis of nanofibers, which have various applications in medicine and the food industry, such as enzyme stabilization, weaving engineering, wound dressing, and food packaging. Using MOFs to synthesize fiber nanostructures could improve their properties and performance in various fields. The reason can be attributed to the high specific surface area and the bioactivity of some metals that are present in the structure of MOFs (Beter et al., 2017; Kalwar and Shen, 2019; Maliszewska and Czapka, 2022). A literature review showed that copper-containing MOFs and cobalt-containing MOFs have different biological and catalytic properties (Hatamie et al., 2019; Zha et al., 2020; Abdelmoaty et al., 2022; Dong et al., 2022).
Fiber compounds can be synthesized using different materials. Electrospinning is fast developing in several directions (Sridhar et al., 2011). One is fiber creation on an industrial scale, which has been mentioned in many articles. Another is a preparation of complicated structures such as core–shell, Janus, tri-layer core–shell, and 3-section Janus and their combinations from the multiple-fluid processes. The third is the combination of electrospinning with other traditional and advanced chemical methods, such as cross-linking and chemical synthesis, and physical methods, such as 3-D printing (Teixeira et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2017; Gholami et al., 2020; Kang et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020; Adamu et al., 2021; Jasim et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2022; Zhou et al., 2022; Ge et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023; Yu et al., 2023). By using MOF compounds and polyvinyl alcohol with electrospinning methods, various compounds with different applications can be synthesized. For example, poly vinyl alcohol (PVA)/Ag-MOF has been reported with antibacterial activity (Zhang et al., 2021). Another example is Zn-MOF/PVA nanofibers, which has been reported for arsenic removal (Shahryari et al., 2020).
There have been reports of the synthesis of copper-containing MOFs and cobalt-containing MOFs with biological properties and other applications. In addition, with electrospinning technology, it is possible to prepare fibers containing these two nanostructures so that the final synthetic product has the potential biological properties of both MOF compounds. In this study, new Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures were synthesized. The catalytic activity of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures in the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives was evaluated. Biological evaluations of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures, such as cytotoxicity effects, antibacterial effects, and antifungal effects, were performed. Although there have been reports of the synthesis of MOF compounds and fibers with different properties (Azizabadi et al., 2021a; Gecgel et al., 2022; Maliszewska and Czapka, 2022), the advantages and novelty of this study are the synthesis and reporting of a new nanostructure with several diverse catalytic and biological properties. The type of polymer (PVA) was selected based on the biocompatibility properties, the ability to form fibers, and the inherent nature of the polymer.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Materials, solvents, and device
All raw materials and solvents for the synthesis of the desired compounds, for example, dipicolinic acid (Mw 0.167 mg mmol−1), copper II) nitrate trihydrate (Mw 0.242 mg mmol−1), cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate (Mw 291.03 g mol−1), and polyvinyl alcohol (Mw 9,000–10,000, 80% hydrolyzed) with high purity, were obtained from Sigma and Merck.
Micromeritics ASAP 2460 was used for N2 adsorption/desorption. A PerkinElmer TGA 8000 system was used to measure thermal behavior. FT-IR spectra were prepared using a Bruker Tensor 27 FT-IR instrument. XRD patterns were prepared using a Bruker D8 X-ray diffractometer. SEM images of synthesized nanostructures were prepared using a Hitachi S-4800 FESEM instrument. 1H NMR (300 MHz) and 13C NMR (75 MHz) spectra in DMSO-d6 were obtained using a Bruker Ultra Shield-300 instrument. A Kruss KSP1N melting point meter was used to determine the melting point of derivatives. Elemental analysis of derivatives was measured using a PerkinElmer 2400 series II instrument. A Unico S2150 spectrophotometer was used to prepare the concentration of bacterial and fungal suspensions.
2.2 Synthesis of copper-containing MOF nanostructures
In a Pyrex tube, 30 mL double-distilled water, 0.835 g dipicolinic acid (5 mmol), and 1.208 g cupric nitrate (5 mmol) were added. The mixture was irradiated with 20 kHz ultrasonic waves at a power of 220 W and temperature of 60°C for 20 min. The obtained sediments were separated by centrifugation and washed three times with water and ethanol. Finally, the obtained copper-containing MOF nanostructures were dried under vacuum for 48 h at room temperature (Ahmad et al., 2022).
2.3 Synthesis of cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures
In a Pyrex tube, 30 mL double-distilled water, 0.835 g dipicolinic acid (5 mmol), and 0.915 g cobalt nitrate (5 mmol) were added. Other steps to the synthesis and purification of cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures were similar to copper-containing MOF nanostructures (Ahmad et al., 2022).
2.4 Synthesis of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures
In separate containers, 0.05 g of copper-containing MOF nanostructures was dissolved in acetic acid (30 mL), and 0.05 g of cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures was dissolved in acetic acid (30 ml). The contents of the two containers were mixed and stirred at a temperature of 70°C until a homogeneous mixture was reached. Then, the mixture was irradiated with 20-kHz ultrasonic waves at a power of 220 W and room temperature for 20 min. Finally, the obtained sediments were separated by centrifugation and dried under a vacuum (Cui et al., 2023; Yang et al., 2023).
2.5 Catalyst activity of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures
2.5.1 General method for synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole using Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures
In the mixture of 2 mL EtOH: H2O (1:1), 1 mmol phenylhydrazine, 1 mmol ethyl acetoacetate, and 3 mg of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures were stirred at 40°C. The reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC), and after completion, 1 mmol malononitrile and 1 mmol aromatic aldehydes were added and stirred under the same conditions mentioned previously. After completion of the reaction, which was monitored by TLC, cold contents to the room temperature and and 10 mL of acetone were added. Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures were collected by nanofiltration, and after removing the solvent in a vacuum, the synthesized pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives were recrystallized in a mixture of EtOH: H2O (1:1).
2.5.2 Synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives using Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures
To use Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures as a catalyst for the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives, first, the solvent and amount of catalyst were optimized (Table 2). Other derivatives were synthesized using optimal conditions (Table 3). After the pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives were synthesized, the separated catalyst was washed three times with water and ethanol and dried at room temperature for 48 h. After drying, it was reused. The catalyst recycling results for 5a are given in Figure 10. The catalytic properties of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures for the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives are compared to previous reports in Table 4.
6-amino-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitrile (5g).
1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 1.75 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.67 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.82 (s, 1H, CH), 6.63 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, Ar-H), 6.60 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 6.73 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, Ar-H) 7.26 (s, 2H, NH2), 7.41–7.72 (m, 5H, Ar-H), and 8.67 (s, 1H, OH);
13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 13.6, 36.4, 55.6, 99.3, 112.5, 115.1, 117.4, 120.5, 121.2, 126.4, 129.1, 130.5, 135.6, 138.2, 144.4, 146.5, 147.8, 152.6, and 160.9;
Anal. Calcd for C21H18N4O3: C, 67.37; H, 4.85; N, 14.96; and O, 12.82. Found: C, 67.39; H, 4.97; N, 14.93; and O, 12.81.
2.6 Synthesis of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures
Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures were prepared by the electrospinning method under optimal conditions. According to reported methods (Sargazi et al., 2019; Azizabadi et al., 2021b), in 25 mL distilled water, 0.01 mg of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures were dissolved (Sol. A). In another solution (Sol. B), 0.004 g PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) was dissolved in 20 mL acetic acid. Sol. A was added to Sol. B under magnetic stirring for 20 min at 80°C. Finally, the electrospinning parameters of 28 kV, 22 cm spinning distance, and 0.4 mL/h flow rate were used to successfully synthesize Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures (Sargazi et al., 2019; Azizabadi et al., 2021b) Figure 1.
FIGURE 1. Schematic representation of the synthesis of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures.
2.7 Characterization of synthesized nanostructures
The synthesized nanostructures were characterized using BET (N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms) technique, TGA (thermal behavior), FTIR (infrared spectroscopy), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns, contact angle, compressive strength, and flexural strength.
2.8 Cytotoxicity activity
MCF-7 breast cancer cells (ATCC HTB-22) were cultured for 2 weeks in a control medium containing RPMI 1640, FBS (10%), and streptomycin (100 μg mL−1)/penicillin G (100 μg mL−1). Then, MCF-7 breast cancer cells with a cell density of 1.2 × 104 cells were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated for 24 h at 37°C and 5% CO2. After that, 5–200 μg/mL (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 120, and 200) concentrations of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures were added to the wells. They were treated for 24 h and 48 h in the aforementioned conditions. After that time, the media containing Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA nanostructures were removed, and 50 μL of MTT solutions (2 mg/mL in PBS) and 150 μL fresh media were added to wells. They were incubated for 4 h in the conditions mentioned previously. Then, the contents of the wells were removed. Finally, 200 μL DMSO was added to the wells, and the absorbance was read at 570 nm (Almajhdi et al., 2014; Heidari Majd et al., 2017; Mu and Wu, 2017; Bonan et al., 2019; Moghaddam-manesh et al., 2021; Moghaddam-Manesh and Hosseinzadegan, 2021).
2.9 Antibacterial and antifungal activities
CLSI (Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute), guidelines M07-A9 and M27-A2 for MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) tests and CLSI guideline M26-A for MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) tests and MFC (minimum fungicidal concentration) tests were used to determine antimicrobial activity (antibacterial against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii; and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus fumigatus) (Hosseinzadegan et al., 2020; Zeraati et al., 2022). For antibacterial activity, the effects of copper-containing MOF nanostructures, cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures, and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures on gram-positive and gram-negative species were evaluated (Hosseinzadegan et al., 2020; Zeraati et al., 2022).
3 Results
3.1 Identification and characterization of Cu/Co-hybrid and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures
The proposed structure for Cu/Co-hybrid and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures is given in Figure 2. The structure of the Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber network by was identified and characterized by BET (N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms) technique, TGA (thermal behavior), FTIR (infrared spectroscopy), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), and XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns.
FIGURE 2. Proposed structure for Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures.
Figure 3 shows the N2 adsorption/desorption of copper-containing MOF nanostructures A), cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures B), Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures C), and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures D). As can be seen, classical isotherms of all compounds were similar to the fourth type (Asiri et al., 2022). The obtained values of specific surface area for copper-containing MOF nanostructures, cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures, Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures, and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures based on the BET technique were 1103 m2/g, 1024 m2/g, 1247 m2/g, and 1570 m2/g, respectively.
FIGURE 3. N2 adsorption/desorption of copper-containing MOF nanostructures (A), cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures (B), Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures (C), and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures (D).
According to Table 1, Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures have higher surface area and high porosity than copper-containing MOF nanostructures, cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures, and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures. This finding could be related to the significant effects of hybrid features on the textural behavior of final products. This capability can affect the application of this material in different fields, such as novel candidates as antimicrobial and antifungal agents.
TABLE 1. BET, BJH pore volume, and mean pore diameter of copper-containing MOF nanostructures (I), cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures (II), Cu/Co-Hybrid MOF nanostructures (III), and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures (IV).
Synthesis of fiber nanostructures from hybrid MOF nanostructures can increase the specific surface area.
The high specific surface area gives unique capabilities to compounds. Because the high specific surface area causes more contact with the active parts of the compound, the performance of the compound in terms of its biological activity increases(Asgari et al., 2022; Sheta et al., 2022).
The TGA curve of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures is given in Figure 4. The thermal behavior of synthesized fibers nanostructures to 600°C was investigated. The complete decomposition of the compound occurred at a temperature of 418°C. The weight loss at 213°C and 115°C can be related to the loss of fiber connection with the hybrid and the evaporation of nanostructured surface water, respectively.
FIGURE 4. Thermal behavior of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures.
The synthesized Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures have excellent thermal stability to perform biological activities.
In the FT-IR spectrum of synthesized Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures (Figure 5), O-H absorption was observed at 3456 cm−1 (in PVA). Absorptions observed at 2918 cm−1, 1654 cm−1, 1592 cm−1, 1334 cm−1, and 1161 cm−1 can be attributed to C-H (in PVA), C=O (in MOF), C=N (in MOF), C-C (in MOF), and C-O (in MOF), respectively. Absorptions below 1000 cm−1 were related to the metal–oxygen. For example, absorptions observed at 600–800 cm−1 were due to Co-O (in MOF) (Salavati-Niasari et al., 2009), and absorptions observed in areas 400–600 cm−1 were due to Cu-O (in MOF) (Elango et al., 2018).
FIGURE 5. FTIR spectra of cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures (A), copper-containing MOF nanostructures (B), and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures (C).
All peaks of the raw materials were observed in the FT-IR spectrum of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures.
The SEM images of copper-containing MOF nanostructures A), cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures B) (Patra et al., 2022), Cu/Co-hybrid nanostructures C), and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures D) are given in Figure 6. According to the results, the size distribution of copper-containing MOF and cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures is almost the same (between 45 and 55 nm). Meanwhile, based on image C), the particle size distribution for Cu/Co-hybrid nanostructures is around 20 nm. This distribution is less than compound I and II. The difference between the size distributions of compounds A, B, and C can be related to the efficient effects of hybrid nanostructures on the final products. According to the SEM image of compound IV, the mean diameter of fibers in Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures is approximately 10 nm. The successful synthesis of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures with narrow fibrous distribution can be related to the effects of optimized electrospinning conditions and combining hybrid features in the final products. The temperature of the electrospinning solution (see Section 2.6) increases the evaporation rate and also changes the viscosity of the polymer solution. Increasing the temperature allows the Coulomb forces to exert more tension on the polymer molecules. As a result, more uniform fibers with smaller diameters are obtained.
FIGURE 6. SEM images of copper-containing MOF nanostructures (A), cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures (B), Cu/Co-hybrid nanostructures (C), and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures (D).
The optimal method of synthesizing the compound is suitable, and it leads to the same morphology in the nanorange when synthesizing similar compounds.
Another technique used to identify and confirm the structure of synthesized Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures was the XRD pattern (Figure 7). The XRD patterns of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures A) and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures B) are given in Figure 6. According to the XRD pattern of the final product, peaks related to copper-containing MOF nanostructures (Akhavan-Sigari et al., 2022) and cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures (Shahryari et al., 2022) were observed in these patterns. According to the Debye–Scherrer equation, the average crystalline size in the Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures is 62 nm, while this size is 45 nm in the Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures. This difference in the size of the crystals can relate to the fibrous network of final products (Sadasivan et al., 2013; Uddin and Baig, 2019). This stable network affects the physicochemical properties of nanostructures and produces optimal samples in environmental conditions (Elango et al., 2018).
FIGURE 7. XRD patterns of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures (A) and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures (B).
Using XRD patterns based on the Debye–Hückel equation, the sizes of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures were calculated as 44 nm and 56 nm, respectively.
The contact angle method was used to determine the hydrophilicity of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA nanofibers. In previous studies, the contact angle for polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers has been reported as 35o (Ngadiman et al., 2015). The contact angle for Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA was about 24°. To compare the amount of hydrophilicity, the contact angle for polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers studied was about 36° (Figure 8).
FIGURE 8. Contact angle of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures (A) and PVA fiber nanostructures (B).
As we know, a decrease in the contact angle indicates an increase in the hydrophilicity of the compounds. The increased hydrophilicity of synthesized Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures compared to polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers can be attributed to the presence of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF in the composition structure, which can establish hydrogen bonds with water molecules (Drelich et al., 2019; Hassan et al., 2019).
Compressive strength and flexural strength tests were used to better characterize the Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures.
The result of the compressive strength tests for Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures is shown in Figure 9A. According to data, the product has a compressive strength of 65 N/mm2. This amount can be related to the nature of fibrous polymeric compounds. The synthesis of the samples with high compressive strength is an important result that highlights the diverse applications of these materials.
FIGURE 9. Strength of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures (A) and flexural strength (B) of copper-containing MOF nanostructures (I), cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures (II), Cu/Co-hybrid nanostructures (III), and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures (IV) (n = 3) ± SD.
The results of flexural strength tests for Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures are shown in Figure 9B. According to the data, Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures have strength tests of about 16 N/mm2. This amount is significant compared to previous polymers (Ngadiman et al., 2015; Su et al., 2022). The strengths of copper-containing MOF nanostructures I), cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures II), and Cu/Co-hybrid nanostructures III) were obtained as 5.6 N/mm2, 1.9 N/mm2, and 2.3 N/mm2 respectively ((n = 3) ± SD). The selection of optimal electrospinning conditions can affect the flexural strength tests of the final products. The different strengths of compounds I, II, and III can be related to the efficient effects of hybrid nanostructures on Cu/Co-hybrid nanostructures. The synthesis of compounds with high flexural strength tests can be used in different areas such as medicine, engineering, and tissue applications.
3.2 Catalyst activity of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures
After identifying and confirming the structures of the Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures, they were used as a recoverable catalyst in the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives (Scheme 1).
SCHEME 1. Synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives using Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures as a catalyst.
One of the important parameters in the synthesis and catalytic application of materials is their reusability. As mentioned in Section 2.5.2, after the synthesis of the derivatives, the nanoparticles were washed, dried, and used again in the synthesis of derivatives. The investigation into synthesis 5a showed that the catalyst could be recycled and reused five times without a noticeable decrease in efficiency (Figure 10).
FIGURE 10. Recoverability of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures as a catalyst in the synthesis of 4a.
The optimization of solvent, amount of catalyst, and temperature for the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives were performed according to Table 2.
TABLE 2. Optimization of reaction conditions in synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles using Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures as a catalyst (5a).
Optimum reaction conditions, including H2O: EtOH (1:1) as the solvent, 3 mg Cu/Co-hybrid MOF, nanostructures as the catalyst, and a temperature of 40°C were obtained. Other pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives under optimum conditions were synthesized according to Table 3.
TABLE 3. Synthesized 1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives (5a-n).
For the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives using Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures as a catalyst, the Scheme 2 mechanism can be proposed.
SCHEME 2. Proposed mechanisms for the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives using Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures as a catalyst.
From the cyclization reaction of phenylhydrazine and ethyl acetoacetate, the pyrazole intermediate of I) is synthesized, which is in equilibrium with II). Intermediate III) is created from the condensation reaction of aldehyde derivatives and malononitrile. The Michael reaction of II) and III) leads to the creation of intermediate IV), which creates V) due to its intramolecular cyclization. Finally, with the tautomerization of V), the desired pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives are synthesized.
The comparison of the synthesis of derivatives in different conditions (Table 4) shows that the nanocatalyst synthesized in this study has a higher ability than other reported methods, which can be attributed to the porosity and increased reactivity of nanoparticles.
TABLE 4. Comparison of synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles (5a) in different conditions.
3.3 Cytotoxicity activity of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures
The cytotoxic activity of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures against MCF-7 breast cancer cells was evaluated. Investigations were carried out at 24 h and 48 h, in a concentration of 200 mg/mL; maximum cell proliferation and viability of 48%, 48%, 46%, and 41% compared to control were observed at 24 h for Cu-MOF nanostructures, Co-MOF nanostructures, Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures, and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures, respectively. At 48 h, cell proliferation and viability of 43%, 45%, 38%, and 30% compared to control were obtained for the Cu-MOF nanostructures, Co-MOF nanostructures, Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures, and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures, respectively (Figures 11–14). The tests were repeated three times, and the final result is the average of the results ((n = 3) ± SD).
FIGURE 11. Cell proliferation and viability of Cu-MOF nanostructures at different concentrations after 24 h and 48 h (n = 3) ± SD.
FIGURE 12. Cell proliferation and viability of Co-MOF nanostructures at different concentrations after 24 h and 48 h (n = 3) ± SD.
FIGURE 13. Cell proliferation and viability of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures at different concentrations after 24 h and 48 h (n = 3) ± SD.
FIGURE 14. Cell proliferation and viability Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures at different concentrations after 24 h and 48 h (n = 3) ± SD.
Further, IC50 values were calculated at different times using the slope of the curve and the line equation for Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures. The results showed that the IC50 for Cu-MOF nanostructures and Co-MOF nanostructures at 24 h and 48 h was 168 μg/mL, 169 μg/mL, and 148 μg/mL, 153 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 for Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures at 24 h and 48 h was 163 μg/mL and 129 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 for Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures was 154 μg/mL and 115 μg/mL at 24 h and 48 h, respectively.
As evidenced by the results, the cytotoxicity activity of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures in 48 h is higher than it is at 24 h.
The results show that the cytotoxicity activity of Cu-MOF is very close to that of Co-MOF and slightly lower than that of the Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures. The increased activity of the Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures can be attributed to the formation of the hybrid of the Cu-MOF and Co-MOF nanostructures.
Comparing the cytotoxicity activity of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures shows that Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures were more cytotoxically active. The greater effectiveness of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures can be attributed to BET, BJH pore volume, and mean pore diameter, as the results stated in Section 3.1. The cytotoxic activity of PVA fiber nanostructures was studied, and the results proved that the compound does not affect the studied cells.
From the results, it can be said that the cytotoxicity activity of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures depends on the duration of exposure and the porosity of the nanoparticles. The role of PVA fiber nanostructures is to increase porosity and, as a result, increase the effectiveness of the Cu/Co-hybrid MOF on the studied cells (Asgari et al., 2022; Sheta et al., 2022).
For Cu-MOF nanostructures, the p-value of IC50 at 24 h was 0.001 for concentrations. Thus, concentration is a critical parameter for this time. The p-value of IC50 at 48 h was 0.000 for concentrations. Thus, concentration is also a critical parameter for this time.
For Co-MOF nanostructures, the p-value of IC50 at 24 h was 0.002 for concentrations. Thus, concentration is a critical parameter for this time. The p-value of IC50 at 48 h was 0.001 for concentrations. Thus, concentration is a critical parameter for this time.
For Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures, the p-value of IC50 at 24 h is 0.000 for concentrations. Thus, concentration is a critical parameter for this time. The p-value of IC50 at 48 h was 0.004 for concentrations. Thus, concentration is a critical parameter for this time.
For Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures, the p-value of IC50 at 24 h was 0.001 for concentrations. Thus, concentration is a critical parameter for this time. The p-value of IC50 at 48 h was 0.002 for concentrations. Thus, concentration is a critical parameter for this time.
As a final result, the IC50 depends on the concentration of compounds. Increasing the concentration increases the contact of molecules with the surface of the studied cells and increases the effectiveness.
3.4 Antimicrobial activity of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures
The antimicrobial activity (antibacterial and antifungal activities) of copper-containing MOF nanostructures, cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures, Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures, and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures was tested against Bacillus cereus A), Staphylococcus aureus B), and Streptococcus pyogenes C) as gram-positive species; Proteus mirabilis D), Escherichia coli E), and Acinetobacter baumannii F) as gram-negative species; and Fusarium oxysporum G), Candida albicans H), and Aspergillus fumigatus I) as fungal species. The results of the tests are given in Table 5 ((n = 3) ± SD).
TABLE 5. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of copper-containing MOF nanostructures, cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures, Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures, and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures.
In antibacterial and antifungal activities, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration were evaluated.
The porous structure of copper-containing MOF nanostructures, cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures, Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures, and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures had a strong effect on the studied species except for E. coli and A. baumannii. In some species, all three MOF compounds were more effective than commercial drugs (cefazolin for antibacterial activity and tolnaftate for antifungal activity).
As the laboratory observations in Table 2 show, Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures have a better effect on the investigated bacterial and fungal species, which can be extended to the sum of the impacts of copper-containing MOF nanostructures and cobalt-containing MOFs.
The high antibacterial and antifungal activities of the synthesized Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures can be attributed to the presence of nano-sized bioactive metals and their highly specific surface area (Asgari et al., 2022; Sheta et al., 2022).
The results of MIC of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA on the studied strains are shown as an example in Figure 15A, and in Figure 15B, the results of MBC of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA on Escherichia coli are given as an example.
FIGURE 15. (A) MIC of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA on the studied strains, and (B) MBC of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA on Escherichia coli.
4 Conclusion
In summary, copper-containing MOF nanostructures, cobalt-containing MOF nanostructures, and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures were synthesized using the ultrasonic technique. By using Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and PVA and electrospinning method, novel Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures were synthesized. The structures of synthesized nanoparticles were identified and confirmed by BET, BJH, TGA, FTIR, SEM, and XRD. The catalytic properties of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures in the synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives were investigated. The synthetic derivatives were synthesized with better efficiency and time. The cytotoxicity activity and antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) effects of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures and Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures were investigated based on IC50 and cell proliferation and viability (for cytotoxicity evaluations), and MBC, MFC, and MIC (for antibacterial and antifungal evaluations). Antibacterial and antifungal effects were compared with the effects of known drugs. The result of the antibacterial and antifungal analyses showed that Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures had better effects against some strains. The high antibacterial and antifungal activities of the synthesized nanostructures can be attributed to the presence of nano-sized bioactive metals and their high specific surface area. In biological evaluations, the effectiveness of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF/PVA fiber nanostructures was higher than that of the Cu/Co-hybrid MOF nanostructures, which can be attributed to their BET and BJH volume pore and mean pore diameter.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Author contributions
Study conception and design, SH; data collection, MaA and YJ; analysis and interpretation of results, MoA and IM; draft manuscript preparation, ER, AA, and FA; editing, MS; visualization, SH and AA; project administration, MS. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Acknowledgments
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through the large research group program under grant number (R.G.P.02/148/43).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Keywords: Cu/Co hybrid MOF, catalyst activity, pyrano[2, 3-c]pyrazoles, PVA fiber nanostructures, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, cytotoxicity activity
Citation: Asiri M, Jawad BahrAluloom Y, Abdullateef Alzubaidi M, Mourad Mohammed I, Suliman M, Ramzy Muhammad E, Abed AS, Abodi Ali F, Hadrawi SK, Alsalamy AH and Alwave M (2023) Synthesis of Cu/Co-hybrid MOF as a multifunctional porous compound in catalytic applications, synthesis of new nanofibers, and antimicrobial and cytotoxicity agents. Front. Mater. 10:1214426. doi: 10.3389/fmats.2023.1214426
Received: 29 April 2023; Accepted: 10 August 2023;
Published: 31 August 2023.
Edited by:
Nafisa Gull, University of the Punjab, PakistanReviewed by:
Mojtaba Koosha, Qilu University of Technology, ChinaAmir Mohammad Ghadiri, Sharif University of Technology, Iran
Sumit Sinha Ray, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
Copyright © 2023 Asiri, Jawad BahrAluloom, Abdullateef Alzubaidi, Mourad Mohammed, Suliman, Ramzy Muhammad, Abed, Abodi Ali, Hadrawi, Alsalamy and Alwave. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Salema K. Hadrawi, sahadrawi@gmail.com