Stefan Karlsson
Shinji Kohara- 1Glass Unit, Division of Built Environment, Department of Building and Real Estate, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Växjö, Sweden
- 2Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
Editorial on the Research Topic
Innovators in ceramics and glass
In the year of 2022, which falls during an age of transition towards sustainability, the United Nations’ seventeen global goals define the direction of development. Materials development is an important component of sustainable development and innovation. The latter is conventionally defined as the implementation of creative ideas that are introduced into society in the form of services or goods. However, in order for innovations to arise, innovators are required. An innovator is a person or a group who introduces something novel, e.g., a method, an idea, or a product, or does something for the first time. The term pioneer is frequently used to describe an innovator who creates a paradigm shift, but innovators are also those who contribute incremental ideas that eventually combine to produce innovations. This model of incremental and disruptive innovation draws a simple distinction, but we stress that both types of innovators are needed to drive sustainable development.
Ceramics and glasses are not the most widely studied materials, yet they see versatile use in a wide range of applications due to their properties (e.g., mechanical, chemical, optical, and electrical) and the multiple processes by which they are manufacturable. Over the years there have been many innovators within ceramics and glass; we mention some of them below (n.b., the list could be made much longer).
- Mikhail Lomonosov, a Russian scientist who experimented with colored glasses (Leicester, 1969; Karlsson, 2012).
- Josiah Wedgwood, an English potter who systematically experimented in pottery (Chaldecott, 1975).
- Erik Laxman, a Finnish glass technologist who replaced potash with soda (Karlsson, 2012).
- Otto Schott, a German chemist and the inventor of borosilicate glass, who also systematically investigated composition–property relationships (Fotheringham et al., 2022).
- William J. Woods and David E. Gray, inventors of the ribbon machine for manufacturing light bulbs (Cable, 1999).
- S. Donald Stookey, American inventor and originator of glass-ceramics (Beall, 2016).
- W. David Kingery, American material scientist and the father of modern ceramic science (Brook, 2000).
Due to the importance and widespread use of glass, 2022 has been designated International Year of Glass (IYOG 2022, www.iyog2022.org) by the United Nations (Duran and Parker, 2021). Since 1959, the United Nations has dedicated international years to a variety of topics to attract attention to pressing issues and to provide a platform for international action on sustainable development. Interest in this practice has increased over the years, so 2022 is also designated International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development (www.iybssd2022.org) and Sustainable Mountain Development (https://www.fao.org/mountain-partnership/internationalyear2022/en/). The designation of IYOG 2022 has led to the organization of several celebrations and informational activities, e.g., publication of papers, editorials, and special issues, and other scientific activities (Duran and Parker, 2021; Ballato, 2022; Ballato et al., 2022; Castro and Jitianu, 2022; Choudhary et al., 2022; Fotheringham and Müller, 2022; N/A, 2022; Nielsen et al., 2022; Parker and Durán, 2022). The current Research Topic, “Innovators in ceramics and glass,” is also partly dedicated to celebration of the IYOG 2022. Time will tell whether we will also have an international year of ceramics in the future.
In the current collection of papers, six innovative contributions have been published; these are introduced below. In summary, they all represent innovative approaches towards sustainable future applications by offering new advances in understanding on novel methods, processes, and simulations, and on the structure–property relationships of ceramic and glass materials.
A review paper describes the electrostatic levitation furnace (ELF) facility installed at the International Space Station (ISS) and the measurement methods employed, and reports on the thermophysical properties determined for Al2O3, HfO2, ZrO2, and lanthanoid sesquioxides (Ishikawa et al.). The ISS-ELF facility provides opportunities to study high -temperature melts that would be extremely difficult to study using conventional methods and enables the determination of a set of basic physical properties: density, surface tension, viscosity, and in the future probably also heat capacity.
Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modelling combined with extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) data on disordered Fe-Ni alloys enables visualization of the atomic arrangement of the structure, which is classified as an intermediate structure between the glassy and crystalline states (Kubo et al.). The study reveals a non-randomly distributed atomic arrangement but an elongation of the Fe-Fe pairs in the ferromagnetic phase at low pressures, which exhibits a strong correlation with magnetic and elastic anomalies.
The structure of layered perovskite lanthanum nickelate doped with Ca2+ was studied using molecular dynamic simulations and Monte Carlo simulations supported by complementary data from neutron diffraction and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements (Kitamura et al.). Lanthanum nickelate is an interesting material for application in air electrodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The study revealed that the conductive oxide ions surround La3+ but not Ca2+ and that Ca2+ doping results in a volume decrease around the O2− ions, which consequently leads to a decrease in conductivity.
The piezoelectric materials Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 (CTGS) and Ca3TaGa1.5Al1.5Si2O14 (CTGAS) were studied through use of X-ray fluorescence holography (XFH) (Kitaura et al.), which is a relatively novel method for studying the short-to-medium-range order of materials. Piezoelectric ceramics are essential as stress sensors for simultaneous control of pieces of equipment located in different environments. The XFH results reveal that the relative positional shift of the Ca atom is responsible for the piezoelectricity and that a larger relative positional shift occurs as Ga is substituted for Al.
Filament-based 3D printing of silica glass using CO2-laser heating, with a focus on the bonding width of first-layer printing onto fused quartz substrates, was studied by Liu et al. Their investigation of parameters including printing speed, filament feed rate, and incident laser power generated detailed information on the bonding between printed line and substrate, including the shape dynamics (height and width) of the printed line. This enabled the highly reproducible demonstration of a 3D printed object with >100 printed layers. This significant advancement in the field of glass additive manufacturing provides a new platform for advanced glass fabrication in applications within life science, chemistry, optics, and electronics.
The mechanical, thermal, and structural properties of chemically strengthened soda lime aluminosilicate glasses were studied (Karlsson et al.). Chemical strengthening of glass is complex, and the process and its implications are still not completely understood. SiO2-for-Al2O3 substitution revealed a reduction in the degree of K+-for-Na+ ion exchange. Application of 23Na NMR revealed a resonance displacement that could be attributed to an overall reduction in the mean Na coordination number. Differential thermal analysis revealed a blurred glass transition temperature (Tg) range and a sub-Tg exothermic step for these chemically strengthened types of glass. Nanoindentation in combination with scattered light polariscope stress data revealed that the increased hardness from chemical strengthening can be directly correlated with compressive surface stress. Crack resistance is favored by an increase in polymerization and decrease in compactness, which is indicated to be linked to the buildup of residual compressive stress.
We sincerely believe and hope that the paper collection “Innovators in Ceramics and Glass” will influence future innovators in their research on ceramics and glassy materials towards an improved understanding of this domain and towards sustainable development. In summary, we encourage both pioneering and incremental contributions to ceramics and glass science and engineering in the future.
Author contributions
StK prepared a draft of the editorial and ShK revised the draft.
Acknowledgments
StK acknowledges funding from FORMAS, the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (Grant No. 2018-00707). ShK acknowledges funding from JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A) “Hyper-Ordered Structures Science” (Grant Nos 20H05881 and 20H05878).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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References
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Keywords: innovators, ceramics, glass, editorial, sustainable develoment
Citation: Karlsson S and Kohara S (2022) Editorial: Innovators in ceramics and glass. Front. Mater. 9:1079681. doi: 10.3389/fmats.2022.1079681
Received: 25 October 2022; Accepted: 02 November 2022;
Published: 18 November 2022.
Edited and reviewed by:
Valeria Cannillo, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, ItalyCopyright © 2022 Karlsson and Kohara. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Stefan Karlsson, stefan.karlsson@ri.se; Shinji Kohara, kohara.shinji@nims.go.jp