Improvement of Calcium Aluminate Cement Containing Blast Furnace Slag at 50°C and 315°C

During the thermal recovery of heavy oil thermal recovery wells, improving the mechanical properties and integrity of the cement ring is of great significance for the safe and efficient exploitation of heavy oil resources. This paper studies the relative properties of calcium aluminate cement and three kinds of slags under the conditions of 50°C × 1.01 MPa and 315°C × 20.7 MPa. CAC-slag composite material performance was evaluated using the cement paste compressive strength and permeability tests to study the physical properties of CAC with blast furnace slag. X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal analysis (DSC/TG) were carried out to investigate the mineralogical composition of CAC with blast furnace slag. Results show that adding blast furnace slag did not affect the performance of cement slurry. Moreover, C₂ASH₈ curing occurred at low temperature, the microstructure of CAC paste was compact, and the permeability resistance was improved, thus improving the low-temperature properties of neat CAC. When cured at a high temperature, the CAC paste was mainly hydrated with C₃ASH₄ and AlO(OH), which had a well-developed crystal structure. Adding blast furnace slag can improve the CAC resistance to high temperature.

Introduction

Steam flooding is a thermal-recovery technique of heavy oil exploitation. During the process of thermal recovery, a cement sheath is used as a supporting casing and isolates the cementing intervals that can withstand steam environments of up to 300–350°C. This is a challenge for cementing materials for heavy oil thermal-recovery wells (Nabih and Chalaturnyk, 2014; Pang et al., 2018; Chai et al., 2022; Ding et al., 2021). However, silicate cement added to sand is often used at high temperatures in hot and humid environments for long periods of heavy oil thermal recovery; the compressive strength declines sharply, causing zonal isolation invalidation and shortening the working life of the oil well (Walker, 1962; Salehpour et al., 2014). Calcium aluminate cement (CAC) is used as refractory material and has characteristics of high strength, rapid hardening, and resistance to high temperatures over a long period of time (Kar et al., 2012; Idrees et al., 2021; Roig-Flores et al., 2021; Abolhasani et al., 2021). Thus, CAC has potential use in heavy oil thermal recovery well cementing. CAC has previously been used as a building or refractory material in simpler environments compared with thermal recovery. The curing temperature of the CAC hydration products and its structure are vital roles. Recent research on CAC have reported (Goberis and Antonovich, 2004; Ukrainczyk and Matusinović, 2010; Kırca et al., 2013; Pacewska et al., 2013) that temperatures used are mostly in the range of 20–70°C and few experiments have been performed on CAC paste curing at 300–350°C. In recent years, research on CAC has mostly focused on hydration characteristics and fracture toughness, using slag as an auxiliary cementing material to improve the mechanical performance of CAC (Amin et al., 2012; Cheng et al., 2019), and often perform collaborative analysis with concrete (Wang et al., 2021a; Wang et al., 2021b; Huang et al., 2021). Therefore, research on the resistance performance of CAC in hot and humid environments at high temperatures has great significance.

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. XRD pattern of CAC.

Alternately, CAC is sensitive when cured at low temperatures. CAH₁₀ is mainly generated when cured below 20°C, C₂AH₈, AH₃ are generated when cured at 30°C, and C₃AH₆ and AH₃ are mainly generated when cured at more than 45°C. The hydration reaction is as follows (Sakai et al., 2010; Mostafa et al., 2012):

$2\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{A}}_2+26\mathrm{H}\to 2\mathrm{C}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_{10}+ 2\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_3(1)$

$2\mathrm{C}\mathrm{A}+11\mathrm{H}\to {\mathrm{C}}_2\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_8+ \mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_3(2)$

$3\mathrm{C}\mathrm{A}+12\mathrm{H}\to {\mathrm{C}}_3\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_6+ 2\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_3(3)$

The hydration products CAH₁₀ and C₂AH₈ are in the metastable phase, which occurs during the conversion reaction to a product that is more stable. The reaction for cubic C₃AH₆ compounds at high temperature curing is as follows:

$3\mathrm{C}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_{10}\to {\mathrm{C}}_3\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_6+ 2\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_3+ 18\mathrm{H}(4)$

$2\mathrm{C}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_{10}\to {\mathrm{C}}_2\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_8+ \mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_3+ 9\mathrm{H}(5)$

$3{\mathrm{C}}_2\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_8\to 2{\mathrm{C}}_3\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_6+ \mathrm{A}{\mathrm{H}}_3+ 9\mathrm{H}(6)$

Based on these reaction results, the strength of CAC at low temperature is unstable, especially when cured at 50–60°C. This unstable strength greatly limits the use of CAC in cementing engineering applications. According to previous reports (Heikal et al., 2005), adding blast furnace slag to CAC can improve the mechanical properties of CAC when cured at low temperature.

This paper aims to explore the influence of the three blast furnace slags on the high temperature resistance of CAC for heavy oil thermal recovery, the physical and microscopic properties of CAC change during the simulated processes of cementing at 50°C × 1.01 MPa and steam drive oil at 315°C × 20.7 MPa.

Experimental

Materials

CAC was produced by the Zhengzhou Xinxing special cement plant, China. The XRD pattern of CAC is shown in Figure 1. Three types of blast furnace slag: FSa, FSb, and FSc are all from Chengdu Hongsheng Technology Co., Ltd., China (Table 1). A filtrate reducer G33S (AMPS/AM/AA terpolymer), a retarder SR (lignin sulfonate and boric acid salt mixture), and tap water (waterworks Chengdu) were also used.

TABLE 1

TABLE 1. Chemical composition and percentage content of slag and CAC.

Preparation of Samples

The preparation procedure of the cement slurry is in accordance with the API standard. The neat cement slurry consisted of CAC, 1.5% (relative to the cement weight) filtrate reducer G33S, 0.45% retarder SR, and tap water, mark as Ms. The cement slurry with furnace blast furnace slag consisted of CAC with 30% FSa, FSb, or FSc, 2% filtrate reducer G33S, 0.6% retarder SR, and tap water, marked as Ma, Mb, and Mc respectively. The density of both cement slurries was 1.85 g/cm³. Four CAC formulas were designated with the codes Ms, Ma, Mb, and Mc. The experimental formula is shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2

TABLE 2. Cement slurry formula.

The cement slurry was poured into 50.8 × 50.8 × 50.8 mm³ cubic molds and cured in a bath (HH-8; Jintan City Jerry Electric Appliance Co., Ltd., China) at 50°C for 7 days to simulate the thermal recovery process. The cured samples were then moved to a water-cycling, high-temperature, and high-pressure curing reactor (OWC-9390Y; Shenyang Institute of Aviation Industry Application Technology Research Institute, China) and cured at 315°C and 20.7 MPa for 7 days. The cubic molds were maintained in a constant temperature water bath for low-temperature curing and completely immersed in high temperature thickened oil for high-temperature and high-pressure curing.

Testing Methods

The method for the slurry performance test is in accordance with the API standard. Density, fluidity, free fluid, API fluid loss, and thickening time at 100 Bc were evaluated.

The compressive strength of cubic samples was determined using a testing machine (TA300; Beijing Ha Wisdom Technology Co., Ltd., China). Six samples were used to determine the compressive strengths at each specified age. The loading rate is 2000N/s. Permeability was determined on cylindrical samples with a size of Φ 200 mm × 500 mm by using a core permeability measuring instrument (DSK III; Changzhou Yiyong Technology Co., Ltd., China). The rock sample was dried at 60°C for 3 days, and the absolute permeability of the rock sample was measured by the gas method. The results were the arithmetic average of three specimens at the minimum. The hydration products of cement paste were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD; DX-1000; Dandong Fangyuan Instrument Co., Ltd., China). Samples were prepared by grinding compressive specimens with the test step length at 0.08°, scan rate at 2° per minute, and 2-theta angle range of 5°–70°, The voltage and current of the test equipment are 30 kV and 20 mA respectively. The microstructure morphology of the cement paste was determined using an environmental scanning electron microscope (FEI Quanta450; USA) with a vacuum ion sputtering apparatus (LDM150D type; USA) that coats a layer of Au to all of the samples. The morphology of the cement was then observed through SEM. Resolution: high vacuum mode, 3.0 nm (30 kV); Magnification: 5X-300000X; Accelerating voltage: 0.3–30 kV; Sample stage stroke X = 100 mm and above, Y = 100 mm and above, Z = 100 mm and above; T = 10°–90°; R = 360°.The cement was tested for heat absorption at 25–900°C, with a heating rate of 10°C/min, sensitivity of 0.04 µw, and calorimeter precision of 0.1% in a thermal analyzer (TGA/SDTA85/; Mettler-Toledo, Switzerland). The reaction gas is air with a flow rate of 10 ml/min; the shielding gas is nitrogen with a flow rate of 20 ml/min.

Results and Discussion

Properties of the CAC Slurry

Table 3 shows the fundamental properties of the CAC slurry. The CAC slurry had a density of 1.85 g/cm³, good liquidity, and less free fluid. API fluid loss was within 50 ml and was reduced when mixed with 30% furnace blast furnace slag. The thickening time of the 100 Bc control was within 2–3 h, which satisfies the Liaohe oilfield blocks Q cementing operation requirements in China.

TABLE 3

TABLE 3. Properties of the CAC slurry.

Mechanical Behavior

Early Compressive Strength

This experiment demonstrated the early compressive strength of a CAC paste under low-temperature (50°C) curing in a water bath, as shown in Figure 2. Under this curing condition, the pure aluminate cement compressive strength changed. Moreover, the intensity fluctuation was larger after only 1 day (24 h), and the strength was higher than that of the CAC paste mixed with blast furnace slag. Fentiman et al. (Fentiman et al., 2020) also found that, in the early days, the compressive strength of CAC paste with blast furnace slag is lower than that of pure CAC paste. Compared with pure CAC paste, the compressive strength of CAC paste mixed with blast furnace slag exhibited a larger increase and was relatively stable after 3 days (72 h), and the compressive strength gradually increased with curing time. The compressive strength increased because the hydration reaction produced C₂ASH₈ (also called stratlingite) instead of C₃AH₆ (Antonovič et al., 2013).

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. Influence of admixture on early strength of aluminate cement stone (50°C).

High-Temperature Performance of CAC Paste With Blast Furnace Slag

The permeability and compressive strength of CAC paste cured at 50°C × 1.01 MPa and 315°C × 20.7 MPa are shown in Table 4. The permeability of Ms is larger. However, the relative permeability of Ma, Mb, and Mc was improved substantially compared with Ms. This result indicates that the structure of CAC paste with blast furnace slag was denser and had increased compressive strength. In particular, the resistance of the permeability of Mc was higher than that of Ms by 77.5%, and its compressive strength increased by 74.2% at 50°C curing. This is because the CAC with blast furnace slag hydration reaction produces stratlingite crystal and the pure CAC hydration reaction produces C₃AH₆. The volume of the C₃AH₆ crystal phase is smaller. Thus, the apparent porosity increases, thereby weakening permeability resistance and compressive strength (Tseng and Nian, 2004). The anti-permeability property of the CAC paste was reduced by curing at high temperature. However, the anti-permeability of Ma, Mb, and Mc was still higher than that of Ms by at least 22.8%, and the compressive strength of Ma, Mb, and Mc was higher than that of Ms by at least 9.7%. This result indicates that the three types of blast furnace slag can improve the anti-permeability and compressive strength properties of CAC paste at 50 and 315°C.

TABLE 4

TABLE 4. Influence of slag on the high temperature resistance of aluminate cement stone.

Hydration Products and Microstructure Testing

XRD Analysis

The hydrated phases formed by Ms, Ma, Mb, and Mc were investigated using XRD. Figure 3A shows the XRD pattern of CAC paste cured at 50°C × 1.01 MPa for 14 days. Figure 3B shows the XRD pattern of CAC paste cured at 50°C × 1.01 MPa for 7 days, followed by curing at 315°C × 20.7 MPa for 7 days. Combining previous research results (Guo et al., 2020), under low curing temperature, the main hydrated phases of Ms were C₃AH₆, C₂AS, Al(OH)₃, C₃A, and C₁₂A₇, and the main hydrated phases of Ma, Mb, and Mc were C₂ASH₈, C₃ASH₄, Al(OH)₃, and C₂AS. Under high curing temperature, the main hydrated phases of Ms were C₃ASH₄, AlO(OH)and C₃A. Meanwhile, the main hydrated phases of Ma, Mb, and Mc were C₃ASH₄, AlO(OH), hydrated andradite [Ca₃(Fe_0.87Al_0.13)₂(SiO₄)_1.65(OH)_5.4], and a small amount of C₂S. As shown in Figure 3A, the CAC paste mixed with FSa, FSb, or FSc converted C₃AH₆ into C₂ASH₈. This conversion is the reason for the compressive strength of the CAC paste that was stably cured at low temperature. Mostafa et al. showed that the main function of Na₂SO₄ in CAC with blast furnace slag as an activator is to promote C₂ASH₈ generation. Comparing Figures 3A,B, the new products of Ms were C₃ASH₄ and AlO(OH) after curing at high temperature, and the new phases of Ma, Mb, and Mc were C₃ASH₄, AlO(OH), and andradite (hydrated). C₃AH₆ or C₂ASH₈ converted into C₃ASH₄, and Al(OH)₃ converted into AlO(OH) at 315°C × 20.7 MPa. The strength of Ma, Mb, and Mc was reduced after high-temperature curing, but the reduction rate of the compressive strength was within 15%, meeting the cementing requirements (Adolfsson et al., 2011; Li et al., 2014).

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. XRD patterns of Ms, Ma, Mb, and Mc. (A) curing at low temperature. (B) curing at high temperature.

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The fracture surfaces of CAC paste were studied using SEM. The microstructures of hydrated Ms, Ma, Mb, and Mc cured at 50°C × 1.01 MPa for 14 days, 50°C × 1.01 MPa for 7 days, and 315°C × 20.7 MPa for another 7 days are shown in Figures 4A–H. Figure 4A shows that Ms generated cubic C₃AH₆, fine particles of C₃A, and an amorphous Al(OH)₃ gel when cured at low temperature (Ewais et al., 2009). This finding explains the increased quantity of holes and low compression strength of Ms. The micrographs of Ma, Mb, and Mc cured at 50°C (Figures 4B–D) indicate the presence of the thin flaky plate-like morphology of stratlingite (C₂ASH₈) and small amounts of amorphous Al(OH)₃ gel. This observation reveals that the microstructures of CAC mixed with blast furnace slag were more closed and compact. The micrographs of Ms, Ma, Mb, and Mc curing at 315°C are shown in Figures 4E–H. Neat CAC paste and CAC with blast furnace slag mainly generated C₃ASH₄ and dehydrated Al(OH)₃ AlO(OH). With fewer fine particles, C₃A filled in the crystal gaps in the high-temperature environment where crystal structures are dense and well developed as well as have high crystallinity and good mechanical properties. Those are the root cause of the high-temperature resistance of CAC paste.

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. SEM pictures of CAC stone(5,000×). (A) Ms at low temperature. (B) Ma at low temperature. (C) Mb at low temperature. (D) Mc at low temperature. (E) Ms at high temperature. (F) Ma at high temperature. (G) Mb at high temperature. (H) Mc at high temperature.

Thermal Analysis

The types of hydration products in CAC paste composites were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermos gravimetric (TG). DSC and TG thermographs of hydrated CAC paste (Ms, Ma, Mb, and Mc) cured at low and high temperatures are shown in Figures 5, 6, respectively. The analysis of Figures 5, 6 revealed that Ms cured at low temperatures; 70–100°C and 278°C, displayed an endothermic peak because of Al(OH)₃. Given that Al(OH)₃ is a polycrystalline (Mac et al., 2014), a mass loss of approximately 5.4% occurred. At 270–350°C, the endothermic peak was due to C₃AH₆, and the mass loss was approximately 19.8%. For Ma, Mb, and Mc at 163 and 210°C, the peak was mainly due to C₂ASH₈(Sitnikov et al., 2009), leading to a mass loss of approximately 16.4, 16.4, and 16.1%, respectively. Heikal et al. found that CAC mixed with 25% air-cooled or water-cooled blast furnace slag can reduce C₃AH₆ formation by 54.6% when cured at 40°C to ensure the strength of the generated CAC paste. When cured at high temperature and high pressure, the positions of the endothermic peak of Ms, Ma, Mb, and Mc were 300 and 500°C, respectively. This result shows the location of the endothermic peak at higher temperatures. The endothermic peak of Ms was prominent and absorbed more heat, whereas the endothermic peaks of Ma, Mb, and Mc were relatively small. Compared with the TG curve for curing at low and high temperatures, the mass loss rates decreased with an increase in curing temperature. Thus, blast furnace slag added to CAC can lead to more stable hydration products at high temperature and can increase high-temperature resistance performance. XRD results showed that the endothermic peak at 325°C may be attributed to AlO(OH), which causes a loss of crystallized water (Ptáček et al., 2010).

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5. DSC thermograms of CAC pastes.

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 6. TG of CAC pastes.

Conclusion

1) The reaction of blast furnace slag and CAC can generate C₂ASH₈, which can effectively improve its low temperature sensitivity;

2) The compressive strength and permeability resistance of Mc increased by 74.2 and 77.5%, respectively, compared with Ms.

3) The main reason for the high temperature resistance of CAC is C₃ASH₄ and AlO(OH) produced by hydration under high temperature curing; The addition of blast furnace slag can make the high temperature performance of CAC more stable.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Author Contributions

WZ is responsible for the overall idea of the article and writing the paper; LH, QX, WG, and XX are responsible for providing experimental materials and conducting specific experiments; CX and NX are responsible for data analysis and article verification.

Conflict of Interest

WZ, WG, and XX were employed by the company CNOOC Research Institute Co., Ltd. LH was employed by the company PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Ffield Company. QX was employed by the company CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company Limited.

The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate the support of the CNOOC project “"Feasibility Study on Low Permeability Development of Bozhong 25-1S Oilfield 5 Well Block and Sha 3 Member”" (No. 2021FS-02). The authors would also like to thank the Advanced Cementing Materials Research Center of SWPU for their kind assistance with the experiments.

Abbreviations

A, Al₂O₃; C, CaO; H, H₂O; S, SiO₂

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