Ulrike Hecht
Sheng Guo
Mark L. Weaver- 1Access e.V., Aachen, Germany
- 2Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- 3Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
Editorial on the Research Topic
Dual-Phase Materials in the Medium and High Entropy Alloy Systems Al-Cr-Fe-Ni and Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni
The pioneering work of Yeh et al. (2004) and Cantor et al. (2004) initiated an expansive research activity on high entropy alloys (HEAs), aiming at discovering novel materials in the newly opened compositional spaces. The original concept of entropically stabilized solid solution phases around equimolar alloy compositions with not less than 5 elements has driven the quest for single phase high entropy alloys, as described in a critical update (Streuer, 2020). Recent review articles provide critical assessments of the HEA concept while trying to structure and condense the ample and diverse research results and also provide guidance for future research (Miracle and Senkov, 2017; George et al., 2019; George et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021). Besides continuous research on “ad litteram” HEAs which closely follows the original definition, the scope was soon extended as to accommodate multicomponent alloys with lower configurational entropy of mixing, so-called medium entropy alloys, MEAs (i.e., Zhou et al., 2018). Special interest was further focused on alloys that provide pathways to dual-phase or multi-phase microstructures (these alloys are sometimes categorized as compositional complex alloys, CCAs, to differentiate with single phase HEAs/MEAs), thus enabling more options for microstructure engineering.
The alloy systems Al-Cr-Fe-Ni and Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni are most attractive in this respect. Both systems host compositional ranges for the design of dual-phase materials composed of a face centered cubic (FCC-A1) and a body centered cubic (BCC-B2) phase following distinct phase transformation pathways. Examples are the alloys Al0.7CoCrFeNi and AlCrFe2Ni2 (Dong et al., 2016; DeJeer et al., 2017) which pass through a BCC-B2→FCC-A1 solid state phase transformation and the alloys AlCoCrFeNi2.1, Al0.9CrFeNi2.1 which display eutectic growth following Liquid → BCC-B2+FCC-A1 (Lu et al., 2014; Jin et al., 2019). Importantly, in both alloy systems the Al-rich BCC-B2 phase is prone to spinodal decomposition, which may impact on the overall phase transformation cascade and certainly affect the mechanical properties.
This “Research Topic” was initiated with main focus on dual-phase HEAs and MEAs from the above alloy systems, calling for contributions on a wide range of open issues, including phase transformation pathways, alloy processing by conventional and additive technologies, mechanical and functional properties, i.e., corrosion behavior, and other more. From the perspective of future applications knowledge on all these aspects is required in equal measure. For dual-phase MEAs around the composition AlCrFe2Ni2 this special issue draws on contributions from several partners of the joint European project “NADEA” funded by national agencies in the frame of the M-era.Net program. In fact 7 out of 11 papers relate to this project and capture the progress toward objectives at mid-term. NADEA aims at targeted MEA developments for applications which require a good balance between strength and ductility or toughness along with wear and corrosion resistance in areas commonly served by duplex and superduplex steels. In the following we briefly introduce the individual contributions:
Stryzhyboroda et al. presented key experiments and results from current CALPHAD modeling efforts for the alloy systems Al-(Co)-Cr-Fe-Ni. CALPHAD databases and thermodynamic codes are valuable digital tools for alloy design and ICME modeling, if phase equilibria as well as segregation trends are well described. Currently this is not the case (Gorsse and Senkov, 2018) and more work is required for database modeling and validation specifically also re-assessing entire sub-systems. Kuczyk et al. showed how additive manufacturing by laser metal deposition can provide a fast track to valuable data about phase equilibria, i.e., for validation of CALPHAD databases, using compositionally graded samples. One single sample designed to screen through a selected section plane can be used to accurately measure phase equilibria along one or more isotherms after correspondingly selected annealing treatments. Data were provided for AlxCoCrFeNi with x = 0.2 to1.5 (5–30 at.% Al) at T = 1350 K.
Hecht et al. discussed phase transformations in the dual-phase alloy AlCrFe2Ni2 which are similar to Al0.8AlCoCrFeNi and which depend on the cooling rate applied during the BCC-B2→FCC-A1 solid state phase transformation. Apart from the classical Widmanstätten structure obtained upon slow cooling, an ultrafine vermicular microstructure, previously termed noodle-like or worm-like (Dong et al., 2016), was identified for higher cooling rates and associated to a characteristic “duplex spinodal” phase transformation pathway. The related crystal orientation relationship (OR) between FCC and BCC was analyzed in detail, being distinct and different from all well-known ORs established between BCC and FCC phases. Gein et al. further investigated the ultrafine vermicular microstructure in alloys based on AlCrFe2Ni2 however with minor additions of molybdenum ranging from 1 to 3 at.%. The alloys were prepared by arc melting of large (300 g) buttons and subjected to annealing treatments. For 2 at.% Mo a well-balanced microstructure with promising mechanical properties was reported after annealing at 1,100°C for 1 h with subsequent water quenching. The flexural stress/strain behavior favorably compares to the reference superduplex steel EN 1.4517.
Vogiatzief et al. and Roccio Molina et al. explored additive manufacturing (AM) of an alloy with composition close to AlCrFe2Ni2, but with 17.5 rather than 16.7 at.% aluminum, using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and laser metal deposition/direct energy deposition (LMD/DED), respectively. Alloy processing required substrate preheating to at least 450°C (LMD/DED) and 700°C (L-PBF), respectively. The applied preheating effectively reduced thermal gradients but also allowed some amount of FCC-A1 to form during the build operation thus mitigating the cracking susceptibility of the spinodally decomposing BCC-B2. The full amount of FCC-A1 was only achieved by post build annealing heat treatments and the annealing temperature and duration was used to tailor microstructure and properties, e.g., the flexural stress/strain behavior. Comparison to a reference superduplex steel EN 1.4517 showed that the target MEA is a promising material with good chances to compete with duplex steels. However, both alloy composition and processing parameters must be further optimized in order to establish a robust AM manufacturing route.
Eshed et al. investigated a casting route for alloy AlCrFe2Ni2 with main emphasis on microstructure and phase analysis after selected homogenization and annealing treatments. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and high resolution TEM provided detailed insight into phase constitution. An unexpected carbide phase was observed, which raises questions as to the origin and role of impurities, a subject which calls for further and systematic investigation.
Zollinger and Fleury provided a brief report on the effect of casting texture on the elastoplastic behavior of Al0.8CrCuFeNi2 during uniaxial compression tests. The alloy solidified with a primary FCC-A1 phase and interdendritic BCC-B2 in a hybrid mould with alumina walls and a copper base, thus displaying a morphological transition from a columnar (textured) to an equiaxed (untextured) FCC-A1 phase. When tested under uniaxial compression with the loading axis parallel to the direction of solidification, the columnar microstructure, with a preferred orientation of the fcc phase toward the <100> direction showed remarkably higher yield strength than the equiaxed microstructure. The improved macroscopic behavior of the <100> textured sample was related to confinement of the activated slip system(s) to FCC-A1 dendrites separated from one another by the BCC-B2 envelop. Wang et al. and Godlewska et al. investigated the corrosion behavior of selected Al-(Co)-Cr-Fe-Ni alloys using, among others, potentiodynamic polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Wang et al. focused on the alloy Al0.1CoCrFeNi and its behavior in NaCl-containing aqueous solutions of various concentration, while Godlewska et al. probed several alloys around the baseline composition AlCrFe2Ni2 in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution including for reference three AlxCoCrFeNi alloys as well as the superduplex steel EN 1.4517. At room temperature the pitting corrosion resistance and passivation capability of EN 1.4517 are outstanding and unrivaled by AlCrFe2Ni2-based alloys, irrespective of small Mo-additions. This behavior is due to the Cr-depletion of the BCC phase. The performance in potentiodynamic tests is judged rather similar to lean duplex steels (Siow et al., 2001). The nearly fully FCC alloy tested by Wang and independently confirmed by Godlewska for an alloy with similar composition is the most resistant to pitting corrosion and closely matches the superduplex steel behavior.
Finally, Röhrens et al. addressed dual-phase eutectic alloys prepared by suction casting from ternary, quaternary and quinary eutectic alloys, i.e., Ni48Fe34Al18, Ni44Fe20Cr20Al16 and Ni34.4Fe16.4Co16.4Cr16.4Al16.4. The special merit of the investigation relates to the fact that it incorporates the ternary alloy, originally investigated 20 years ago (Misra and Gibala, 1997; Misra and Gibala, 1999) in an attempt to ductilize the NiAl-B2 intermetallic alloy. This family of alloys could indeed serve as a very good reference for future research on HEA and MEA eutectics for the Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni alloy system.
We hope that the reader will find this collection of articles interesting and useful as reference for future research endeavors in this emerging field of alloy design, processing and materials characterization.
Author Contributions
UH and SG wrote the editorial article, while UH, SG, and MW served as editors for this Frontier’s research topic.
Funding
The corresponding author would like the acknowledge funding through the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) under grant number 03XP0163A in the frame of the M-era.Net Joint Call 2017, Project NADEA (no. 5129).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
Cantor, B., Chang, I. T. H., Knight, P., and Vincent, A. J. B. (2004). Microstructural Development in Equiatomic Multicomponent Alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 375-377, 213–218. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.257
De Jeer, L. T. H., Ocelík, V., and De Hosson, J. T. M. (2017). Orientation Relationships in Al0.7CoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy. Microsc. Microanal. 23, 905–915. doi:10.1017/S1431927617012442Yeh
Dong, Y., Gao, X., Lu, Y., Wang, T., and Li, T. (2016). A Multi-Component AlCrFe2Ni2 alloy with Excellent Mechanical Properties. Mater. Lett. 169, 62–64. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2016.01.096
George, E. P., Curtin, W. A., and Tasan, C. C. (2020). High Entropy Alloys: A Focused Review of Mechanical Properties and Deformation Mechanisms. Acta Materialia 188, 435–474. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2019.12.015
George, E. P., Raabe, D., and Ritchie, R. O. (2019). High-entropy Alloys. Nat. Rev. Mater. 4, 515–534. doi:10.1038/s41578-019-0121-4
Gorsse, S., and Senkov, O. (2018). About the Reliability of CALPHAD Predictions in Multicomponent Systems. Entropy 20, 899. doi:10.3390/e20120899
Jin, X., Bi, J., Zhang, L., Zhou, Y., Du, X., Liang, Y., et al. (2019). A New CrFeNi2Al Eutectic High Entropy alloy System with Excellent Mechanical Properties. J. Alloys Compounds 770, 655–661. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.08.176
Li, W., Xie, D., Li, D., Zhang, Y., Gao, Y., and Liaw, P. K. (2021). Mechanical Behavior of High-Entropy Alloys. Prog. Mater. Sci. 118, 100777. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100777
Lu, Y., Dong, Y., Guo, S., Jiang, L., Kang, H., Wang, T., et al. (2014). A Promising New Class of High-Temperature Alloys: Eutectic High-Entropy Alloys. Sci. Rep. 4, 6200. doi:10.1038/srep06200
Miracle, D. B., and Senkov, O. N. (2017). A Critical Review of High Entropy Alloys and Related Concepts. Acta Materialia 122, 448–511. doi:10.1016/J.ACTAMAT.2016.08.081
Misra, A., and Gibala, R. (1997). Room-temperature Deformation Behavior of Directionally Solidified Multiphase Ni-Fe-Al Alloys. Metall. Mat Trans. A. 28, 795–807. doi:10.1007/s11661-997-0066-x
Misra, A., and Gibala, R. (1999). Slip Transfer and Dislocation Nucleation Processes in Multiphase Ordered Ni-Fe-Al Alloys. Metall. Mat Trans. A. 30, 991–1001. doi:10.1007/s11661-999-0152-3
Siow, K. S., Song, T. Y., and Qiu, J. H. (2001). Pitting Corrosion of Duplex Stainless Steels. Anti-Corrosion Meth Mater. 48 (No. 1), 31–37. doi:10.1108/00035590110365309
Steurer, W. (2020). Single-phase High-Entropy Alloys - A Critical Update. Mater. Characterization 162, 110179. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110179
Yeh, J. W., Chen, S. K., Lin, S. J., Gan, J. Y., Chin, T. S., Shun, T. T., et al. (2004). Nanostructured High-Entropy Alloys with Multiple Principal Elements: Novel alloy Design Concepts and Outcomes. Adv. Eng.Mater. 6, 299–303. doi:10.1002/adem.200300567
Keywords: high entropy alloys, medium entropy alloys, processing, microstructure evolution, structural and functional properties
Citation: Hecht U, Guo S and Weaver ML (2021) Editorial: Dual-Phase Materials in the Medium and High Entropy Alloy Systems Al-Cr-Fe-Ni and Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni. Front. Mater. 8:718788. doi: 10.3389/fmats.2021.718788
Received: 01 June 2021; Accepted: 14 June 2021;
Published: 24 June 2021.
Edited and reviewed by:
John L. Provis, The University of Sheffield, United KingdomCopyright © 2021 Hecht, Guo and Weaver. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ulrike Hecht, dS5oZWNodEBhY2Nlc3MtdGVjaG5vbG9neS5kZQ==