Wear in Silicon Nitride Sliding Against Titanium Alloy Pairs at Different Loads Under Artificial Seawater Lubrication

Tribological behaviors of Si₃N₄ ceramic sliding against titanium alloy at different normal loads under seawater lubricated conditions are investigated on a pin-on-disc tester. Generally, for Si₃N₄/titanium alloy pair, the friction coefficient increases from 0.43 to 0.67 with load increasing (from 10 to 30N). Correspondingly, the wear rate is in the consistent case. When Si₃N₄ slides against titanium alloy, the wear mechanism is dominated by mechanical wear even though under seawater lubrication. With load increasing, the shear force of solid shear (τ_s × A_r) and furrow drag (S × P_e)(S × P_e) aggravated, which should be responsible for the rising trend of friction coefficient and wear rate.

Introduction

It is well known that, the energy and environment crisis have been brought by the industrial development and increasing pollution. In this case, people have paid more and more attention to how to explore the ocean resources by utilizing the marine devices (Liu et al., 2013, 2015). Among these devices, some pumps, open drive system and some blades are all exposed to seawater during the service process, and subjected to corrosion, friction and wear. Especially, the tribological characteristics of the moving components have a significant influence on the smooth running and service life (Min et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2016). For example, seawater hydraulic drive is a key technology in ocean exploitation and widely applied in deep-sea submergence vehicle, underwater robot, submarine oil production system, and so on. This system requires high-performance frictional pair materials (Jia et al., 2004).

Recently, the marine mating components were generally fabricated from metal materials. For instance, titanium alloys, such as Ti6Al4V, possess and excellent corrosion resistance in seawater and are widely used in marine. But, self-mated metal pairs usually represented the severe adhesive wear, and the metal materials beared the electrochemical corrosion just because of their intrinsic (Wu et al., 2016; Ye et al., 2017). Compared with metals, the ceramic materials represented high hardness, high strength, and excellent corrosion resistance and outstanding tribological performance (Jianxin et al., 2006). So, more scientists focused on studying the tribocorrosion behavior of metals sliding against ceramics, which was considered to act as an inert antagonist in the tribocorrosion systems (Chen and Yan, 2012).

Among the ceramic materials, silicon nitride ceramics possess good overall performance (e.g., high hardness, high strength, low density, low thermal conductivity, low chemical activity, and high wear resistance), which promotes these applied as rolling bearing, machine tools, sliding bearing in water pumps. Until recently, some scholars have investigated the tribological properties of Si₃N₄-Ceramic and Si₃N₄-metal pairs in pure water environments, and the research results showed low friction and wear of silicon nitride against ceramic were obtained in water environment (Jahanmir and Fischer, 1988). The previous scholars found that, the formation of slica tribochemical film would be benefit to ultra-low friction and wear of self-mated silicon nitride ceramics (Tomizawa and Fischer, 1987). When silicon nitride ceramic slid against gray cast iron, low friction coefficient of 0.002 was obtained. And, the authors held that the research results was attributed to the tribochemical products and graphite (which was originated from gray cast iron; Gao et al., 1997). Also, other scholars further investigated the influence of sliding speed and surface roughness on the tribological properties of Si₃N₄/Si₃N₄ pairs in pure water, and found that the chemical wear ratio was related to sliding speed, but independent of roughness (Saito et al., 2001). Meanwhile, when Si₃N₄ slid against Al₂O₃, the wear mechanism was transferred from mechanical wear to tribochemical wear with the increase of sliding time (Balarini et al., 2016). As described above, for silicon nitride sliding pairs, lower friction coefficients and wear rated were obtained under water lubrication.

Now, scholars started to focus on the friction and wear of ceramic materials under marine condition. Liu studied on the tribological performance of silicon nitride sliding against 316 stainless steel, and the friction coefficient of 0.16 was obtained in seawater and friction coefficient of 0.48 was obtained in pure water (Liu et al., 2013). Meanwhile, when Cr/GLC film slid against Si₃N₄ ceramic, the low friction coefficient of 0.06 was obtained, which attributed to the tribochemical products (Wang et al., 2016). As described above, at present some scholars have paid more attention to the tribological Si₃N₄ ceramic in seawater, but the mating materials, the sliding condition and the research results were not coincident. The systematicness and consistency of current researches were not still enough.

In this paper, the silicon nitride ceramic materials have been prepared by the method of hot-pressed sintering, and the titanium alloy was selected as the mating materials. The tribological properties of Si₃N₄/Ti6Al4V were measured by a vertical tribotester under seawater lubrication condition. The influence mechanism of normal load on the friction and wear behaviors was further discussed. This study could provide a certain guidance to develop mating components with excellent friction and wear properties under ocean environment.

Experimental Details

Test Rig and Materials

Friction and wear tests were carried out on a vertical universal pin-on-disc device, where an upper pin slides a bottom disc in artificial seawater environment. The disc was fixed, and the pin specimen rotated at a certain velocities. The schematic diagram of the device is illustrated in Figure 1. A normal load was applied on the stationary disc and the friction force was continuously measured using a strain gauge.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the configuration for pin-on-disc tribometer.

Si₃N₄ powder, Al₂O₃ powder, and Y₂O₃ powder were used to fabricate the ceramic composites. Si₃N₄ powder (with the particle size of 0.5 μm and the purity of 90% α- Si₃N₄) was utilized as the baseline material. Al₂O₃ powder (with the particle size of 1–2 μm and the purity of 99.9%) and Y₂O₃ powder (with the particle size of 1 μm and the purity of 99.9%) were utilized as sintering additives. Meanwhile, the volume fractions of Al₂O₃ and Y₂O₃ as sintering additives were 6 and 4%. The combined powders were mixed and ball-milled in alcohol for 24 h. The specimens of silicon nitride ceramics were sintered by hot-pressing in N₂ at a temperature of 1,800^oC and with a hot-pressure of 30MPa in a graphite die. Figure 2 shows the microstructure of Si₃N₄ ceramic, composed of elongated β-Si₃N₄. The density of Si₃N₄ ceramic was 3.31 g/cm³, the Vickers hardness was 19.9 GPa, and the fracture toughness was 8.01 MPa·m^1/2.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. SEM micrograph of fracture surface of Si₃N₄ ceramic.

The dimensions of ceramic pin specimens were 5 × 5 ×10 mm. The pin specimen surfaces are ground to a surface roughness of <0.5 μm. The dimensions of titanium alloy discs were a diameter of 44 mm and a thickness of 6 mm. The titanium alloy disc was made from Ti6Al4V alloy. The disc specimen surfaces were ground to a surface roughness of <0.8 μm. The density of disc specimen is 4.52 g/cm³, and the hardness was HRC25.

Procedure

The tests were conducted in artificial seawater at room temperature with normal loads of 10, 20, and 30 N and a sliding speed of 1,000 r/min (namely, 1.73 m/s). The seawater was prepared according to ASTM D1141-98, and the chemical composition of seawater was shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Chemical composition of seawater.

The sliding distance was set to be 1,000 m. The friction coefficient was recorded automatically at the steady-state sliding. Volume wear rate of specimens were determined by using equation: V_m = Δm/ρNS, where Δm was the weight differences before and after sliding were measured by a microbalance with a high precision (0.1 mg), ρ was the density of specimens, N was the normal load and S was the sliding distance. Three samples were run to obtain average friction coefficient and wear rate under the test condition.

Results and Discussion

Tribological Behaviors of Silicon Nitride/Titanium Alloy Sliding Pairs

Figure 3 shows the friction coefficients and wear rates of Si₃N₄/titanium alloy sliding pairs at different loads. From Figure 3A, it can be seen that, with the increase of load, the friction coefficient increased from 0.43 for 10 N to 0.67 for 30 N. Similarly, it can be found from Figure 3B that the wear rate of Si₃N₄ pin also increased with the increase of load, and the wear rate are all at the magnitude of 10⁻⁶ mm³/Nm. Compared with the wear rates of pin, the wear rates of titanium alloy are higher and all at the magnitude of 10⁻⁵ mm³/Nm. Obviously, the increase of load deteriorated to both of the friction and wear properties of Si₃N₄/titanium alloy in seawater.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. Titanium alloy in sliding contact against Si₃N₄ in seawater, (A) Friction coefficient, (B) wear rate of pin specimen, (C) wear rate of disc specimen.

Figure 4 shows the worn surfaces of titanium alloy disc sliding against Si₃N₄ pin at the different loads. From the figures, it can be seen that, at a low load of 10 N, wear surface was relatively smooth and contained a few micro grooves filled with a little spalling particles. When the load reached to 20 N, plastic deformation and more significant furrow was discovered from the worn surface of titanium alloy. And, at the load of 30 N, the worn surface of titanium alloy presented the severe plastic deformation and furrow with greater depth and width. While, it is interesting that no significant tribochemical film could be observed. Maybe, under this test condition, the tribochemical products were difficult to form a continuous surface film. XPS results of titanium alloy against Si₃N₄ pin at a load of 10 N were shown in Figure 5. The XPS results confirm the formation of tribochemical products of SiO₂ and TiO₂. So, it can be concluded that some tribochemical products formed during the friction process, but a continuous and significant tribofilm did not form on the wear surfaces.

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. SEM images of titanium alloy disc against Si₃N₄ pins at the loads of (A) 10N, (B) 20N, and (C) 30N in seawater.

FIGURE 5

Figure 5. XPS results of the worn surface of the titanium alloy disc against the silicon nitride pin at a load of 10 N: (A) Si_2p and (B) Ti_2p.

Figure 6 shows the worn surfaces of corresponding Si₃N₄ pin. As shown in Figure 6, metal transferred film and weaken crack can be observed on the worn surfaces of Si₃N₄ pin against titanium alloy disc at the load of 10 N (see Figure 6A); with the increase of load, besides transferred film, plastic deformation and furrows gradually are observed in Figures 6B,C. Figure 7 shows EDS results of the transferred layer on the worn surface of Si₃N₄ pin against titanium alloy disc at a load of 10 N. From this figure, it can be seen that the transferred layer area is mainly composed of Ti, V, Al, Si and O and so on. The results indeed confirm the formation of transferred layer.

FIGURE 6

Figure 6. SEM images of Si₃N₄ pins against titanium alloy disc at the loads of (A) 10N, (B) 20N, and (C) 30N in seawater.

FIGURE 7

Figure 7. EDS results of transferred layer on the Si₃N₄ pin against titanium alloy disc at a load of 10N.

It was well known that, during friction process of ceramic/metal sliding pairs, the hard micro-bulges would plow the metal surface, and so that then some metal transferred layer would form on the ceramic surface (Hua et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2010, 2019). The metal transferred layer repeatedly formed and peeled off, which contributed to the wear of ceramic and metal. In this study, it can be clearly seen that obvious transferred layer formed on the silicon nitride ceramic surface (as shown in Figure 6). Simultaneously, even though a continuous tribofilm cannot be obviously observed, the results indicated that some tribochemical products formed on the wear surfaces (as shown in Figure 5). So, the wear surface morphology can be schematically shown in Figure 8. From the figure, it can be seen that the ceramic pin surface morphology was composed of transferred layer, ceramic surface, and some tribochemical products.

FIGURE 8

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of ceramic pin surface.

In our study, under seawater lubrication, the adsorbed water film, tribochemical products, and transferred layer would inhibit the direct contact of surface micro-bulges at a certain degree. Meanwhile, the direct contact of some micro-bulges would result in adhesion, abrasive wear and wear debris. From Figures 4, 6, it can be observed that, for Si₃N₄/titanium alloy pair sliding in seawater, at a lower load, metal transferred film on the ceramic pin and smoother metal disc surface could be observed (see Figures 4A, 6A). At a higher load, more significant transferred film on the ceramic pin and rough metal disc surface appear (see Figures 4C, 6C). The contact mode can be shown in Figure 9. Obviously, combined with the friction and wear results, the direct contact of surface micro-bulges would aggravate with the increase of load, and the source of friction force would alter.

FIGURE 9

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of contact model of Si₃N₄/titanium alloy pairs.

According to classical adhesion theory (Bhushan, 1996, 2006), the average friction force(F)at the interface between ceramic and metal can be originated from F_s is the shear force at the direct contact solid surface, F_p is the furrow drag, and F_lF_l is the shear force at the liquid surface. Meanwhile, F_s can be calculated according to the equationτ_s. Where, A_r is the sum of real solid contact area for load, and τ_s is critical shear stress at the direct contact interface between two bodies. Similarly, the shear force at the liquid surface can be calculated as F_l = A_l × τ_l. Meanwhile, the furrow drag can be calculated as F_p = S × P_e. Where, S is furrow area, and P_e is furrow drag per unit area.

In this study, even some tribochemical products formed on the wear surface, but the tribochemical products might not efficiently protect and lubricate the wear surfaces. In such a setting, with the lubrication of seawater, the friction force should be calculated as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}F=A_r\times {\tau }_s+S\times P_e+A_l\times {\tau }_l\end{array}$

Combined with the friction and wear behaviors, it can be concluded that, the shear stress of solid and furrow drag should play a leading role. So, the equation can be transformed to F ≈ A_r × τ_s + S × P_e.

Some predecessors have indicated the existence of water or surface film had significant influence to the adhesion theory (Skopp et al., 1995; Deng and Cao, 2007). But, this lubrication effect was not observed in this study. In this case, if the surface contact state is elastoplastic contact, the friction coefficients of the pairs can be expressed as:

$\begin{array}{l}\mu \approx K{N}^{\frac{1}{3}}\times {\tau }_s+S\times P_e/N\end{array}$

According to this equation and experimental phenomenon, with the increase of load, the direct contact area between the micro-bulges of ceramic and metal surface aggravated, and the adhesive wear and furrow drag became more serious. Even under the lubrication and cooling of seawater, the friction coefficients and wear rates increased with the increase of load.

Conclusions

1. The normal load influences the tribological behaviors of Si₃N₄ sliding pairs under seawater considerably. The friction coefficient of Si₃N₄/titanium alloy pairs increases with the increase of normal load at a range from 0.43 to 0.67.

2. For Si₃N₄/titanium alloy pairs, with the increase of load, the shear stress between direct solid contact and furrow drag aggravated. Even under the lubrication and cooling of seawater, the friction coefficients, and wear rates increased with the increase of load.

3. The tribochemical products did not effectively protect and lubricated the wear surfaces. The wear mechanism of Si₃N₄ slides against titanium alloy is dominated by mechanical wear even though under seawater lubrication.

Data Availability

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.

Author Contributions

JZ and SM: conceptualization. WC and MZ: methodology. WC: formal analysis. JZ and SM: investigation. HL: resources. ZW: data curation. JZ and WC: writing–original draft preparation. JZ and SM: writing–review, editing, and supervision. SM and WC: project funding acquisition.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful for the funding provided by Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China (grant number No. 2018JM5056) and Sichuan Science and Technology Program (Nos. 2019JDTD0024 and 2019ZHCG0048), Military and civilian integration project of Sichuan province (No. zyf-2018-089), Yibin Science and Technology Program (Nos. 2018YG05 and 2017YG02), Chunhui Project from Education Ministry of China (No. Z2017066), and Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Education Department, China (No. 18ZA0445). Xihua Scholars program of Xihua University.

References

Balarini, R., Strey, N. F., Sinatora, A., and Scandian, C. (2016). The influence of initial roughness and circular axial run-out on friction and wear behavior of Si3N4–Al2O3 sliding in water. Tribol. Int. 101, 226–233. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2016.04.005

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bhushan, B. (1996). Contact mechanics of rough surface in tribology. Appl. Mech. Rev. 49, 275–298. doi: 10.1115/1.3101928

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bhushan, B. (2006). Introduction to Tribology. Beijing: China Machine Press.

Google Scholar

Chen, J., and Yan, F. (2012). Tribocorrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V and Monel K500 alloys sliding against 316 stainless steel in artificial seawater. Trans. Nonferrous Metals Soc. China 22, 1356–1365. doi: 10.1016/S1003-6326(11)61326-5

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chen, W., Gao, Y., Chen, C., and Xing, J. (2010). Tribological characteristics of Si3N4–hBN ceramic materials sliding against stainless steel without lubrication. Wear 269, 241–248. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2010.04.003

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chen, W., Wang, K., Liu, X., He, N., Xin, H., and Hao, W. (2019). Investigation of the friction and wear characteristics of Si₃N₄-hBN ceramic composites under marine atmospheric environment. Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mat. 81, 345–357. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.03.014

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Deng, J. X., and Cao, T. K. (2007). Self-lubricating mechanisms via the in situ formed tribofilm of sintered ceramics with CaF2 additions when sliding against hardened steel. Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 25, 189–197. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2006.04.010

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gao, Y. M., Fang, L., Su, J. Y., and Xie, Z. G. (1997). Investigation on the components and the formation of a tribological film in the Si3N4-gray sliding pair lubricated with distilled water. Wear 206, 87–93. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1648(96)07358-9

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hua, M., Wei, X. C., and Li, J. (2008). Friction and wear behavior of SUS 304 austenitic stainless steel against Al2O3 ceramic ball under relative high load. Wear 265, 799–810. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2008.01.017

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Jahanmir, S., and Fischer, T. E. (1988). Friction and wear of silicon nitride lubricated by humid air, water, hexadecane and hexadecane C 0.5 percent stearic acid. STLE Trans. 31, 32–43. doi: 10.1080/10402008808981795

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Jia, J., Chen, J., Zhou, H., Wang, J., and Zhou, H. (2004). Friction and wear properties of bronze-graphite composite under water lubrication[J]. Tribol. Int. 37, 423–429. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2003.12.013

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Jianxin, D., Tongkun, C., Zeliang, D., Jianhua, L., Junlong, S., and Jinlong, Z. (2006). Tribological behaviors of hot-pressed Al2O3/TiC ceramic composites with the additions of CaF2 solid lubricants. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 26, 1317–1323. doi: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.02.010

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Liu, N., Wang, J., Chen, B., and Yan, F. (2013). Tribochemical aspects of silicon nitride ceramic sliding against stainless steel under the lubrication of seawater. Tribol. Int. 61, 205–213. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2013.01.011

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Liu, Y., Xufeng, Z., Defa, W., Donglin, L., and Xiaohui, L. (2015). Study on the control methods of a water hydraulic variable ballast system for submersible vehicles. Ocean Eng. 108, 648–661. doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.08.045

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Min, C., Nie, P., Song, H.-J., Zhang, Z., and Zhao, K. (2014). Study of tribological properties of polyimide/graphene oxide nanocomposite films under seawater-lubricated condition. Tribol. Int. 80, 131–140. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2014.06.022

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Saito, T., Hosoe, T., and Honda, F. (2001). Chemical wear of sintered Si3N4, hBN and Si3N4-hBN composites by water lubrication. Wear 247, 223–230. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00539-1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Skopp, A., Woydt, M., and Habig, K. H. (1995). Tribological behavior of silicon nitride materials under unlubricated sliding between 22 °C and 1000 °C. Wear 181–183, 571–580. doi: 10.1016/0043-1648(95)90173-6

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Tomizawa, H., and Fischer, T. E. (1987). Friction and wear of silicon nitride and silicon carbide in water: hydrodynamic lubrication at low sliding speed obtained by tribochemical wear. ASLE Trans. 30, 41–46. doi: 10.1080/05698198708981728

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wang, C., Ye, Y., Guan, X., Hu, J., Wang, Y., and Li, J. (2016). An analysis of tribological performance on Cr/GLC film coupling with Si₃N₄, SiC, WC, Al₂O₃ and ZrO₂ in seawater. Tribol. Int. 96, 77–86. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2015.12.010

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wu, D., Liu, Y., Li, D., Xufeng, Z., and Ren, X. (2016). The applicability of WC-10Co-4Cr/Si3N4 tribopair to the different natural waters. Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Mater. 54, 19–26. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2015.06.016

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ye, Y., Wang, Y., Ma, X., Zhang, D., Wang, L., and Li, X. (2017). Tribocorrosion behaviors of multilayer PVD DLC coated 304L stainless steel in seawater. Diamond Relat. Mater. 79, 70–78. doi: 10.1016/j.diamond.2017.09.002

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar