Life history, reproductive, and demographic parameters for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota Bay, Florida

Randall S Wells ^1* Aleta A Hohn ² Michael D Scott ³ Jay C Sweeney ⁴ Forrest I Townsend, Jr. ⁵ Jason B Allen ¹ Aaron A Barleycorn ¹ Katherine A McHugh ¹ Kim Bassos-Hull ¹ Gretchen N Lovewell ⁶ Deborah A Duffield ⁷ Cynthia R Smith ⁸ A Blair Irvine ⁹

• ¹ Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, Brookfield Zoo Chicago, c/o Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, United States
• ² National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort, NC, United States
• ³ Dolphin Biology Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
• ⁴ Dolphin Quest, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
• ⁵ College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
• ⁶ Stranding Investigations Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, United States
• ⁷ Dept. of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
• ⁸ National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
• ⁹ Dolphin Biology Research Institute, Eugene, OR, United States

Studies of the resident community of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) of Sarasota Bay, Florida, have been conducted for more than 50 years. Detailed histories have been collected for resident individuals through integrated observations, systematic photographic identification surveys, tagging and tracking, catch-and-release health assessments, remote biopsy sampling, and stranding response. This has produced a unique dataset documenting life history milestones and vital rates of a small cetacean. Analyses of data from 482 resident Sarasota Bay dolphins have revealed estimated maximum life spans of 67 years for females and 52 years for males. For females, predicted age at sexual maturation is 8.5 years, with a predicted age at first reproduction of 9.6 years. Females were observed to give birth when 6-48 years of age, and have been documented with as many as 12 calves, with 45% observed post-separation. Ten percent of females were considered to be reproductively senescent, having gone >13 years without producing a calf. For males, predicted age at sexual maturation is 10 years. Males 10-43 years old sired calves, producing up to 7 calves each. The average calving interval was 3.5 years, albeit with effects due to mother's age, birth order, and calf survival. Seasonal reproduction was evident, with 81% of births occurring during May-July. Mean annual birth rate was 0.071. Mean annual fecundity was 0.182 births/adult female (defined as females 6 yrs or older). Recruitment rate through reproduction was estimated to be 0.050 based on calves surviving their first year. Immigration was infrequent, with an estimated rate of <0.030. Overall estimated maximum loss rate, from mortality, emigration, and changed identification characteristics, was 0.072. Periods of increased loss rates were related to environmental events, and factors that may be important to long-term population resilience were suggested.