This article is a commentary on:
Addressing illegal longlining and ghost fishing in the Galapagos marine reserve: an overview of challenges and potential solutions
Alex R. Hearn1,2*
Santiago Bucaram3- 1School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
- 2MigraMar, Bodega Bay, CA, United States
- 3Natural Resources & Disaster Risk Management Division, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, United States
A Commentary on
Addressing illegal longlining and ghost fishing in the Galapagos marine reserve: an overview of challenges and potential solutions.
By Castrejón M and Defeo O (2024) Front. Mar. Sci. 11:1400737. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1400737
In “Addressing illegal longlining and ghost fishing in the Galapagos Marine Reserve: an overview of challenges and potential solutions” (Front. Mar. Sci., Vol.11), Castrejón and Defeo (2024) argue that coastal fishery resources in Galapagos are overexploited and that the solution is to promote and develop an incipient offshore tuna fishery. The authors acknowledge that this has resulted in increased use of banned longlines. Momentum is now building to overturn the 20-year ban of this harmful fishing practice. We are concerned that the implicit message is that a sustainable tuna fishery could be achieved by legalizing longlining. While acknowledging their efforts to reconcile conservation goals with local economic interests, we disagree that promoting a new fishery will reduce effort on coastal resources, and reject that longlining is a viable option for the Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR). We provide a broader vision to balance human uses with conservation at this iconic Marine Protected Area (MPA).
A new fishery is not the solution to overfishing
Coastal GMR fisheries are overexploited as a result of poor management, compliance and self-control; and external markets outstripping local resources (Hearn, 2008; CDF, 2019). The authors propose that further developing an offshore tuna fishery will promote recovery of coastal resources by shifting effort. However, the Galapagos fishing fleet does not operate at full capacity, so new fisheries may simply activate the pool of latent effort, rather than shift effort away from coastal resources (Bucaram and Hearn, 2014). They also suggest that the decision to promote an offshore tuna fishery has fueled illegal longlining and the push to overturn the ban. Had the decision-makers (management authorities and NGOs) considered the potential for this perverse outcome, perhaps they would not have agreed to it. It would not be the first time that well-meaning conservation efforts in Galapagos have backfired (Burbano et al., 2020).
The longline issue
Although longlining occurs in some MPAs, this does not make it fit for purpose in Galapagos. As Shea et al. (2023) state – an optimal sanctuary should ban longlining. The authors question the impact of the ban in Galapagos given illegal longlining occurs, yet they provide no quantitative evidence to measure the ban’s impact. Just because longlining occurs, does not imply that the ban is unenforceable. The longline ban has likely played a crucial role in protecting vulnerable marine species: Peñaherrera-Palma et al. (2018) found that scalloped hammerhead shark abundance in the GMR increased significantly between 2007 and 2017, contrasting with global population declines. Moreover, White et al. (2015) revealed that strict protection resulted in a 35% increase in shark biomass within a decade in a neighboring MPA. These findings provide compelling evidence that the longline ban has helped maintain populations of threatened marine species in the GMR.
While Castrejón and Defeo (2024) argue that longlining can be selective and sustainable, their claims are not supported by the broader scientific literature. Longline fisheries are responsible for significant bycatch of threatened species, including sea turtles, seabirds, and sharks (Lewison et al., 2014). Even when using bycatch-reduction gear and other selective mitigation efforts, the impacts on non-target species remain substantial (Ward and Myers, 2005; Gilman et al., 2016). Galapagos and its surrounding waters is no exception to this, as reports from both legal and illegal fishing activities show (Alava and Paladines, 2017; Alava et al, 2017; Bonaccorso et al., 2021; Jacquet et al., 2008; Schiller et al., 2014). Although there may be some examples of sustainable longlining, sustainability is strongly linked to effective management (Hilborn et al., 2023). Galapagos fisheries management, past and present, does not instill confidence that a longline fishery would be well managed, adequately funded and effectively monitored.
Ecuador’s Constitution establishes the rights of nature and obligates the State to apply precautionary measures for activities that may threaten ecosystems. Strong fishing restrictions are crucial for maintaining the Galapagos UNESCO World Heritage status. Relaxing or eliminating the ban could be challenged in court on constitutional grounds.
A blue vision for Galapagos
The authors frame the issue as representing the needs of the Galapagos community, but in reality, their view represents the financial desires of a subgroup of the fishing sector. They focus on the income expectations that high quality tuna would generate, but fail to consider how this would translate into food security for the local community that cannot afford sushi-grade tuna. This sector-focused approach in Galapagos is partly responsible for ongoing conflicts and weak governance.
Instead, our approach is to identify the broader needs of the island community and biodiversity. We propose re-purposing the economic activity of mother vessels and their crew away from fishing to provide a broader range of services and economic livelihoods. For example, Galapagos is in need of vessels for film and research expeditions, beach plastics cleanups, and marine education programs.
Galapagos is ranked the worst province of Ecuador for obesity, especially among children, with residents eating “surprisingly little fish” (Freire et al., 2018). Fishing skiffs can re-orient towards local markets, tackling food security issues by transitioning away from an export-based economy. We propose the adoption of an observer-linked traceability label, and a ban on importing fish to Galapagos. Fishing should focus on partnerships with restaurants and liveaboard vessels, and on added-value products. An island-wide school dinner program, run by the fishing community could be funded through the Galapagos Life Fund: a debt-for-nature swap created to support the management of the Galapagos and Hermandad Marine Reserves (Hearn et al., 2022). What better example than to show that conservation can fund community wellbeing while providing sustainable incomes for artisanal fishers?
Conclusion
One of the dangers threatening MPAs is the quiet dilution of the conservation measures that were put in place for their protection (Cramp et al., 2018; Magris and Pressey, 2018). We hope that the GMR avoids this pitfall. We share common ground with Castrejón and Defeo in working towards a solution that protects the fragile environment of the GMR while providing a stable income for local fishers. As the process to update the fishery regulations in Galapagos is underway, we recall that this should be guided through the precautionary principle and the participation of all stakeholders. Through safeguarding our natural heritage, we can support a healthy community and a successful artisanal fishing sector.
Author contributions
AH: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. SB: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Conflict of interest
Author SB was employed by company Inter-American Development Bank.
The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Author disclaimer
The views, opinions, and recommendations expressed in this commentary are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of their affiliated institutions. This article represents the personal and professional opinions of the authors based on their research and expertise. The content and conclusions presented are intended to contribute to the academic discourse and should not be interpreted as institutional statements or policy recommendations of any of the organizations with which the authors are affiliated.
References
Alava J. J., Barragán-Paladines M. J., Denkinger J., Muñoz-Abril L., Jiménez P. J., Paladines F., et al. (2017). Massive Chinese Fleet Jeopardizes Threatened Shark Species around the Galápagos Marine Reserve and Waters off Ecuador: Implications for National and International Fisheries Policy. Int. J. Fisheries Sci. Res. 1, 1001.
Alava J. J., Paladines F. (2017). Illegal fishing on the Galapagos high seas. Science 357, 1362. doi: 10.1126/science.aap7832
Bonaccorso E., Ordóñez-Garza N., Pazmiño D. A., Hearn A., Páez-Rosas D., Cruz S., et al. (2021). International fisheries threaten globally endangered sharks in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean: the case of the Fu Yuan Yu Leng 999 reefer vessel seized within the Galápagos Marine Reserve. Sci. Rep. 11, 14959. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94126-3
Bucaram S. J., Hearn A. (2014). Factors that influence the entry–exit decision and intensity of participation of fishing fleet for the Galapagos lobster fishery. Mar. Policy 43, 80–88. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2013.05.005
Burbano D. V., Meredith T. C., Mulrennan M. E. (2020). Exclusionary decision-making processes in marine governance: The rezoning plan for the protected areas of the ‘Galapagos Marine Reserve’, Ecuador. Ocean Coast. Manage. 185, 105066. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.105066
Castrejón M., Defeo O. (2024). Addressing illegal longlining and ghost fishing in the Galapagos marine reserve: an overview of challenges and potential solutions. Front. Mar. Sci. 11, 1400737. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1400737
CDF (2019). Alert on the current conservation status of the Galapagos natural assets: institutional position of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands (Galapagos, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation), 53.
Cramp J. E., Simpfendorfer C. A., Pressey R. L. (2018). Beware silent waning of shark protection. Science 360, 723–723. doi: 10.1126/science.aat3089
Freire W. B., Waters W. F., Román D., Jiménez E., Burgos E., Belmont P. (2018). Overweight, obesity, and food consumption in Galapagos, Ecuador: a window on the world. Globalization Health 14, 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s12992-018-0409-y
Gilman E., Chaloupka M., Peschon J., Ellgen S. (2016). Risk factors for seabird bycatch in a pelagic longline tuna fishery. PloS One 11, e0155477. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155477
Hearn A. (2008). The rocky path to sustainable fisheries management and conservation in the Galápagos Marine Reserve. Ocean Coast. Manage. 51, 567–574. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2008.06.009
Hearn A., Cárdenas S., Allen H., Zurita L., Gabela-Flores M. V., Peñaherrera-Palma C. R., et al. (2022). A blueprint for marine spatial planning of Ecuador’s exclusive economic zone around the galápagos marine reserve (Quito, Ecuador: Universidad San Francisco de Quito/PEW Bertarelli Ocean Legacy), 361.
Hilborn R., Amoroso R., Collie J., Hiddink J. G., Kaiser M. J., Mazor T., et al. (2023). Evaluating the sustainability and environmental impacts of trawling compared to other food production systems. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 80, 1567–1579. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsad115
Jacquet J., Alava J. J., Ganapathiraju P., Henderson S., Zeller D. (2008). In hot soup: sharks captured in Ecuador’s waters. Environ. Sci. 5, 269–283. doi: 10.1080/15693430802466325
Lewison R. L., Crowder L. B., Wallace B. P., Moore J. E., Cox T., Zydelis R., et al. (2014). Global patterns of marine mammal, seabird, and sea turtle bycatch reveal taxa-specific and cumulative megafauna hotspots. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111, 5271–5276. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1318960111
Magris R. A., Pressey R. L. (2018). Marine protected areas: Just for show? Science. 360 (6390), 723–724. doi: 10.1126/science.aat6215
Peñaherrera-Palma C., van Putten I., Karpievitch Y. V., Frusher S., Llerena-Martillo Y., Hearn A. R., et al. (2018). Evaluating abundance trends of iconic species using local ecological knowledge. Biol. Conserv. 225, 197–207. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2018.07.004
Schiller L. L., Alava J. J., Grove J. S., Reck G., Pauly D. (2014). The Demise of Darwin’s Fishes: Evidence of fishing down and illegal shark finning in the Galápagos Islands. Aquat. Conservation: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 24, 431–446. doi: 10.1002/aqc.2458
Shea B. D., Gallagher A. J., Bomgardner L. K., Ferretti F. (2023). Quantifying longline bycatch mortality for pelagic sharks in western Pacific shark sanctuaries. Sci. Adv. 9, eadg3527. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3527
Ward P., Myers R. A. (2005). Shifts in open-ocean fish communities coinciding with the commencement of commercial fishing. Ecology 86, 835–847. doi: 10.1890/03-0746
Keywords: Galapagos, sustainable fishing, MPA (marine protected area), longline, island economy
Citation: Hearn AR and Bucaram S (2025) Commentary: Addressing illegal longlining and ghost fishing in the Galapagos marine reserve: an overview of challenges and potential solutions. Front. Mar. Sci. 12:1484989. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1484989
Received: 22 August 2024; Accepted: 02 January 2025;
Published: 14 January 2025.
Edited by:
Daniel Suman, University of Miami, United StatesReviewed by:
Juan José Alava, University of British Columbia, CanadaCopyright © 2025 Hearn and Bucaram. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Alex R. Hearn, YWhlYXJuQHVzZnEuZWR1LmVj