Lichuan Wu ^1* Jinbao Song ² Leonie Esters ³ Victor Alari ⁴

• ¹ Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
• ² Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
• ³ University of Bonn, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
• ⁴ Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Harju County, Estonia

Air-sea interaction processes control the exchange of energy, momentum and mass between the atmosphere and the ocean. These interactions are crucial for the development of oceanic systems at various scales, from microscale to global scale. They play a significant role in the formation and development of oceanic extreme events, such as cyclones, extreme waves, and ocean heatwaves, which pose substantial risks to offshore operations and coastal communities. Therefore, improving our understanding of air-sea interaction processes and incorporating them into weather and Earth System Models is the key to enhancing climate and ocean prediction and helping mitigate potential damages. Despite overall advancements in understanding these interactions, many knowledge gaps remain, especially under extreme conditions. This special issue collects 29 papers addressing the following six aspects of air-sea interactions and oceanic extremes presented in the Editorial in a random sequence. Tropical cyclones (TCs) are among the most destructive oceanic extreme weather systems. Their development is heavily influenced by air-sea interaction processes that control air-sea energy transfer. This Extreme waves pose significant threats to offshore activities, shipping safety, and coastal infrastructure.