Elizabeth W. North ^1* Michael Wilberg ² Jeff Blair ³ Lisa Wainger ² Jeffrey Cornwell ¹ Robert Jones ³ Chris G. Hayes ⁴ Rasika Gawde ¹ Raleigh R. Hood ¹ Taylor Goelz ⁵ Troy Hartley ⁶ Marvin M. Mace ⁷ Memo Diriker ⁸ Niquinn Fowler ⁹ Brian Polkinghorn ¹⁰

• ¹ University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD, United States
• ² University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, MD, United States
• ³ Facilitated Solutions, LLC, and FCRC Consensus Center, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
• ⁴ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Program Integration Office, Washington, DC, United States
• ⁵ The Aspen Institute, Ocean and Climate, Washington, DC, United States
• ⁶ Virginia Sea Grant Program and Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, United States
• ⁷ Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Fishing and Boating Services, Annapolis, MD, United States
• ⁸ Salisbury University, Marketing Department, Salisbury, MD, United States
• ⁹ The Eymit Group, Baltimore, MD, United States
• ¹⁰ Salisbury University, Conflict Analysis & Dispute Resolution Department, Bosserman Center for Conflict Resolution, Salisbury, MD, United States

Worldwide, enhancement of oyster populations is undertaken to achieve a variety of goals including support of food production, local economies, water quality, coastal habitat, biodiversity, and cultural heritage. Although numerous strategies for improving oyster stocks exist, enhancement efforts can be thwarted by long-standing conflict among community groups about which strategies to implement, where efforts should be focused, and how much funding should be allocated to each strategy. The objective of this paper is to compare two engagement approaches that resulted in recommendations for multi-benefit enhancements to oyster populations and the oyster industry in Maryland, U.S.A., using the Consensus Solutions process with collaborative simulation modeling. These recommendations were put forward by the OysterFutures Workgroup in 2018 and the Maryland Oyster Advisory Commission (OAC) in 2021. Notable similarities between the efforts were the basic principles of the Consensus Solutions process: neutral facilitation, a 75% agreement threshold, the presence of management agency leadership at the meetings, a scientific support team that created a management scenario model in collaboration with community group representatives, numerous opportunities for representatives to listen to each other, and a structured consensus building process for idea generation, rating, and approval of management options. To ensure meaningful representation by the most affected user groups, the goal for membership composition was 60% from industry and 40% from advocacy, agency, and academic groups in both processes. Important differences between the processes included the impetus for the process (a research program versus a legislatively-mandated process), the size of the groups, the structure of the meetings, and the clear and pervasive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the ability of OAC members to interact. Despite differences and challenges, both groups were able to agree on a package of recommendations, indicating that consensus-based processes with collaborative modeling offer viable paths toward coordinated cross-sector natural resource decisions with scientific basis and community support. In addition, collaborative modeling resulted in ‘myth busting’ findings that allowed participants to reassess and realign their thinking about how the coupled human-oyster system would respond to management changes.