AUTHOR=Morales-Márquez Verónica , Cáceres-Euse Alejandro , Hernández-Carrasco Ismael , Molcard Anne , Orfila Alejandro TITLE=Extreme waves in the Caribbean Sea: spatial regionalization and long-term analysis JOURNAL=Frontiers in Marine Science VOLUME=10 YEAR=2023 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1294189 DOI=10.3389/fmars.2023.1294189 ISSN=2296-7745 ABSTRACT=

The extreme wave height distribution in the Caribbean Sea is studied using a new method based on the maximum basin-wide aggregate of significant wave height, Hs, values per month. Besides, by means of the Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) technique, we identify coherent geographical regions with similar extreme wave height variability in the Caribbean Sea. Our findings revealed three primary regions: the eastern side with comparatively lower values, the central region with intermediate values, and the western side with the highest extreme wave heights. The study also examines the wind forcing conditions driving the spatial and temporal variability of the extreme waves, highlighting the influence of the low-pressure belt dynamics as well as the role played by the Caribbean Low-Level Jet (CLLJ) index, and the impact of cold fronts and hurricanes on extreme wave heights. Additionally, we explore the relationship between the extreme wave height distribution and climatic indices, such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Oceanic Niño (ONI). The results reveal that the spatial distribution of extreme wave heights in the Caribbean Sea is mostly ruled by the influence of the CLLJ, with correlations close to 80%. In addition, significant correlations were observed between the extreme wave heights and the ENSO in the central Caribbean, as well as positive correlations between the extreme wave heights and NAO in the eastern part of the basin, and significant values of correlation with the negative phases of AMO and AMM in the whole basin. We show that, unlike conventional (or broadly used) methods deployed to identify extreme wave height, such as percentile 99th, Hs99, our methodology allows a further assessment of the wind and climate forcing conditions associated with the extreme wave events. Although, we acknowledge that the method here presented has limitations to capture extreme wave height outliers, it has the advantage of being used concomitant with the wind forcing to develop multivariate wave climate analysis at basin scale, and could be extended to a more local scale when studying coastal processes.