Matthias Schmid
Cecilia Biancacci
Pablo P. Leal
Pamela A. Fernandez- 1School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- 2Zoology Department, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- 3Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- 4School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Warrnambool, VIC, Australia
- 5Laboratorio para el Estudio de Ambientes y Recursos Marinos (ARMlab), Departamento de Repoblacio´ n y Cultivo, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Puerto Montt, Chile
- 6Centro i~mar, Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB) and Marine Agronomy of Seaweed Holobionts (MASH), Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
Editorial on the Research Topic
Sustainable seaweed aquaculture: Current advances and its environmental implications
Seaweed aquaculture is one of the fastest growing aquaculture sectors in the world(FAO, 2018). To constantly improve seaweed aquaculture, significant research has been undertaken, including:
● Breeding and genetic improvement: advance seaweed aquaculture through the selection of new seaweed strains that are better suited for cultivation, more disease and stress (climate change) resistant, and more nutritious for human consumption (Charrier et al., 2015; Fort et al., 2019).
● Automation and optimization of seaweed aquaculture systems: development of automation techniques for cultivation and seaweed harvesting and optimisation of culture conditions, making the process more efficient and cost-effective (Solvang et al., 2021).
● Biorefining of seaweed biomass: improved methods to extract valuable compounds for commercial applications such as biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, which can increase the economic value of the harvested seaweed biomass (Sadhukhan et al., 2019).
In addition to improving the productivity of seaweed aquaculture systems, research has started focussing on the environmental impacts/benefits that intensive seaweed farming will bring (Campbell et al., 2019). This includes a further understanding of the effects of seaweed aquaculture on marine nutrients and carbon cycling (Duarte et al., 2017). Especially the potential use of seaweed aquaculture for carbon sequestration, which has become of interest in recent years (DeAngelo et al., 2022). Seaweeds can also extract pollutants and excess nutrients from the surrounding seawater, improving water quality and supporting the health of other marine organisms (Smart et al., 2022). This has been applied to Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), combining the cultivation of fed aquaculture species (principally finfish) and organic particulate extractive aquaculture species such as bivalves and/or seaweeds, with the aim to create a more balanced system (Chopin et al., 2001; Troell et al., 2009) and to improve social acceptance of finfish aquaculture. Seaweed aquaculture can increase the diversity of species in an area, as it provides new habitats for a wide range of marine organisms and can help in diversifying the aquaculture sector (Corrigan et al., 2022).
The Research Topic “Sustainable Seaweed Aquaculture: Current Advances and its Environmental Applications” has brought together several articles which highlight state of the art of the research in this field (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Main findings about the state of the art of seaweed aquaculture presented by the studies that contributed to The Research Topic Sustainable Seaweed Aquaculture: Current Advances and its Environmental Applications. The contributions of (A) Nepper-Davidsen et al., (B) Boderskov et al., (C) Zertuche-González et al., (D) Biancacci et al., and (E) (Ross et al.) are highlighted.
The contribution “Implications of Genetic Structure for Aquaculture and Cultivar Translocation of the Kelp Ecklonia radiata in Northern New Zealand” by Nepper-Davidsen et al. highlighted the importance of understanding genetic structure of different populations of E. radiata in New Zealand. The results of the Bayesian analysis of population structure, redundancy analysis and measurements of genetic differentiation showed high levels of genetic variation and indicated that genetically distinct sub-populations are likely to be present between and within regions on the North Island in New Zealand. Based on these findings the authors suggested that brood stock not to be translocated outside their natural habitat (Figure 1A).
The contribution “Upscaling cultivation of Saccharina latissima on net or line systems; comparing biomass yields and nutrient extraction potentials” by Boderskov et al. investigated the yields of a vertical line, horizontal line, and a net setup for S. latissima aquaculture. Their research showed that a net cultivation system resulted in highest biomass yields compared to the vertical and horizontal line setup. The study demonstrated that the production yield of S. latissima can be increased by optimizing cultivation infrastructure (Figure 1B).
The publication “Eisenia arborea (Areschoung) domestication and mariculture development on the Pacific coast of Baja California, México” by Zertuche-Gonzalez et al. aimed to explore the potential for cultivation of E. arborea as an alternative to the wild-harvesting of this valuable species, commonly used as abalone feed in Mexico and exported to Asia for human consumption. The research was successful in completing the life cycle of the species in laboratory and cultured sporophytes were deployed at sea on long-line systems at three different sites and in different seasons to investigate the potential site and temporal variations. The results reported a significant increase in biomass production and showed that periodical pruning is possible, resulting in the regeneration of individuals, thereby ensuring multiple harvesting from a single seeding and making the process overall more cost-effective (Figure 1C). Furthermore, the potential for the cultivation of E. arborea in Mexico under various environmental conditions is promising particularly considering the species’ tolerance to warmer waters which is becoming increasingly relevant in the current climate change scenario.
The contribution “Optimisation of at-sea culture and harvest conditions for cultivated Macrocystis pyrifera: yield, biofouling and biochemical composition of cultured biomass” by Biancacci et al., investigated the temporal and spatial variability of cultivated M. pyrifera in yield, biofouling, and biochemical composition amongst two cultivation sites, at two depths (1 and 5 m) from harvests between July–November 2020.
The results suggest an optimal harvest period in Southern hemisphere winter months (July – August) to limit biofouling without impacting productivity and ensuring good quality biomass. The biochemical composition varied temporally and spatially for many of the components analysed, overall highlighting that the species has a composition conducive to human and animal consumption (Figure 1D).
This study provides a better understanding of the variation in growth and quality of cultivated M. pyrifera biomass in the region relevant to inform future management and development of kelp aquaculture in south-eastern Australia.
The contribution “Seaweed afforestation at large-scales exclusively for carbon sequestration: Critical assessment of risks, viability and the state of knowledge” by Ross et al. investigated the (1) ecological feasibility; (2) technical feasibility; (3) economic feasibility; (4) co-benefits and risks; and 5) governance and social considerations of seaweed offshore aquaculture at large scale exclusively for carbon sequestration. Firstly, the study highlighted the importance of differentiating the process “carbon sequestration” from “carbon fixation” which is fundamental in studies evaluating the potential of ocean-based climate mitigation strategies. Overall, the study underlines the challenges and unknowns for offshore aquaculture ocean afforestation, including ecological impacts on benthonic and/or phytoplankton communities, challenging biogeochemical conditions, and difficulties in its definition and legality of operation, to be considered as a strategy for climate mitigation. The study highlighted the importance of further investment into this research area, before promoting the concept as a potential ocean-based climate mitigation strategy (Figure 1E).
Author contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Funding
MS was funded by SFI President of Ireland Future Research Leaders Programme: (18/FR/6198) “Beyond biofuel: Advanced seaweed cultivation for biodiscovery and climate change mitigation” and a European Commission Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Postdoctoral Fellowship (Project 101066815 — ASPIRE). CB was funded through the “Seaweed solutions for sustainable aquaculture CRC Project” (CRCPSIX000144) funded by the Australian government, Tassal P/L, Spring Bay Seafoods, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences/University of Tasmania and Deakin University. PF was funded by ANID/FONDECYT-iniciación 11200474, Proyecto interno Ulagos R21/19, and ANID/Programa Basal (CeBiB, FB-0001).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
Campbell I., Macleod A., Sahlmann C., Neves L., Funderud J., Øverland M., et al. (2019). The environmental risks associated with the development of seaweed farming in Europe - prioritizing key knowledge gaps. Front. Mar. Sci. 6. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00107
Charrier B., Rolland E., Gupta V., Reddy C. R. K. (2015). Production of genetically and developmentally modified seaweeds: Exploiting the potential of artificial selection techniques. Front. Plant Sci. 6. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00127
Chopin T., Buschmann A. H., Halling C., Troell M., Kautsky N., Neori A., et al. (2001). Integrating seaweed into marine aquaculture systems: A key towards sustainability. J. Phycology 37 (6), 975–986. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.01137.x
Corrigan S., Brown A. R., Ashton I. G. C., Smale D. A., Tyler C. R. (2022). Quantifying habitat provisioning at macroalgal cultivation sites. Rev. Aquaculture 14 (3), 1671–1694. doi: 10.1111/raq.12669
DeAngelo J., Saenz B. T., Arzeno-Soltero I. B., Frieder C. A., Long M. C., Hamman J., et al. (2022). Economic and biophysical limits to seaweed farming for climate change mitigation. Nat. Plants. 9, 45–57. doi: 10.1038/s41477-022-01305-9
Duarte C. M., Wu J., Xiao X., Bruhn A., Krause-Jensen D. (2017). Can seaweed farming play a role in climate change mitigation and adaptation? Front. Mar. Sci. 4 (100). doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00100
FAO (2018). The global status of seaweed production, trade and utilization (Rome: GLOBEFISH Research Programme).
Fort A., Lebrault M., Allaire M., Esteves-Ferreira A. A., McHale M., Lopez F., et al. (2019). Extensive variations in diurnal growth patterns and metabolism among ulva spp. strains. Plant Physiol. 180 (1), 109–123. doi: 10.1104/pp.18.01513
Sadhukhan J., Gadkari S., Martinez-Hernandez E., Ng K. S., Shemfe M., Torres-Garcia E., et al. (2019). Novel macroalgae (seaweed) biorefinery systems for integrated chemical, protein, salt, nutrient and mineral extractions and environmental protection by green synthesis and life cycle sustainability assessments. Green Chem. 21 (10), 2635–2655. doi: 10.1039/C9GC00607A
Smart J. N., Schmid M., Paine E. R., Britton D., Revill A., Hurd C. L. (2022). Seasonal ammonium uptake kinetics of four brown macroalgae: Implications for use in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. J. Appl. Phycology 34 (3), 1693–1708. doi: 10.1007/s10811-022-02743-w
Solvang T., Bale E. S., Broch O. J., Handå A., Alver M. O. (2021). Automation concepts for industrial-scale production of seaweed. Front. Mar. Sci. 8. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.613093
Keywords: seaweed aquaculture, sustainability, carbon cycling, macroalgae, seaweed domestication
Citation: Schmid M, Biancacci C, Leal PP and Fernandez PA (2023) Editorial: Sustainable seaweed aquaculture: Current advances and its environmental implications. Front. Mar. Sci. 10:1160656. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1160656
Received: 07 February 2023; Accepted: 23 February 2023;
Published: 14 March 2023.
Edited and Reviewed by:
Yngvar Olsen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NorwayCopyright © 2023 Schmid, Biancacci, Leal and Fernandez. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Matthias Schmid, matthias.schmid@universityofgalway.ie