Skip to main content

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW article

Front. Mar. Sci., 22 July 2022
Sec. Marine Biology
This article is part of the Research Topic Marine Epibioses View all 15 articles

Epibiotic Fauna on Cetaceans Worldwide: A Systematic Review of Records and Indicator Potential

  • Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

Each individual cetacean is an ecosystem itself, potentially harboring a great variety of animals that travel with it. Despite being often despised or overlooked, many of these epizoites have been proven to be suitable bio-indicators of their cetacean hosts, informing on health status, social interactions, migration patterns, population structure or phylogeography. Moreover, epizoites are advantageous over internal parasites in that many of them can be detected by direct observation (e.g., boat surveys), thus no capture or dissection of cetaceans are necessary. Previous reviews of epizoites of cetaceans have focused on specific geographical areas, cetacean species or epibiotic taxa, but fall short to include the increasing number of records and scientific findings about these animals. Here we present an updated review of all records of associations between cetaceans and their epibiotic fauna (i.e., commensals, ecto- or mesoparasites, and mutualists). We gathered nearly 500 publications and found a total of 58 facultative or obligate epibiotic taxa from 11 orders of arthropods, vertebrates, cnidarians, and a nematode that are associated to the external surface of 66 cetacean species around the globe. We also provide information on the use as an indicator species in the literature, if any, and about other relevant traits, such as geographic range, host specificity, genetic data, and life-cycle. We encourage researchers, not only to provide quantitative data (i.e., prevalence, abundance) on the epizoites they find on cetaceans, but also to inform on their absence. The inferences drawn from epizoites can greatly benefit conservation plans of both cetaceans and their epizoites.

Introduction

General Features of Epibiosis in Cetaceans

Cetaceans have developed a number of symbiotic associations (sensu Leung and Poulin, 2008) with other organisms, including endo-, meso- and ectoparasitism, commensalism, and mutualism (e.g., Arvy, 1982; Raga, 1994). Some of these organisms, the epibionts (also known as episymbionts or ectosymbionts), are associated to the external surface of cetaceans and can be classified into two basic types. On the one hand, ectoparasites live in/on the skin and cause a variable degree of harm by feeding on hosts’ integument (e.g., Smyth, 1962; Geraci and St. Aubin, 1987; Hopla et al., 1994). On the other hand, commensals or phoronts do not trophically depend on the tissues of cetaceans (also named basibionts in this case), thus they are generally harmless but benefit from epibiosis in multiple ways, e.g., via an improved feeding performance, reduction of predation, favored intraspecific contacts for reproduction, or offspring dispersion (Anderson, 1994; Seilacher, 2005; Carrillo et al., 2015). Not surprisingly, though, the limits of each type of interaction are not always clear-cut. For instance, whale-lice (fam. Cyamidae) are considered ectoparasites that primarily feed on hosts’ skin, but it has been speculated that they may opportunistically feed on plankton, even helping whales to detect plankton blooms, leading to a potentially mutualistic relationship (Rowntree, 1996). Or, high loads of commensal epibionts could increase the swimming drag or damage the skin on the site of settlement, thus producing indirect harm to cetaceans (Tomilin, 1957).

Given the high variety of life cycles of the epibionts of cetaceans, it is perhaps not surprising that their specific interactions are similarly diverse. Some epibionts depend strictly on cetaceans during their whole life (e.g., whale lice; Leung, 1976), whereas others use them only at some stages (e.g., barnacles; Nogata and Matsumura, 2006). Among commensals, many species are obligate epibionts, settling exclusively on cetaceans (e.g., coronulid barnacles; Hayashi et al., 2013), but others can colonize also inanimate substrata such as vessels or floating debris (e.g., Conchoderma spp. and Lepas spp.; Frick and Pfaller, 2013). The degree of host/basibiont specificity is also variable. For instance, many whale lice are known only from single, or a few, host species (Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018), but other epibionts have a very broad host spectrum (e.g., Xenobalanus globicitipitis Steenstrup, 1852 or Pennella balaenoptera Koren & Danielssen, 1877; Kane et al., 2008; Fraija-Fernández et al., 2018). Finally, there are examples of hyperepibiosis in which some epibionts, e.g., barnacles, can act as basibionts for other epibionts, e.g., Conchoderma spp. or cyamids (Cornwall, 1927; Matthews, 1937; Leung, 1970a).

Susceptibility and Health Impact of Cetacean Epibiosis

As many other symbionts, epibionts must succeed twice to live their associative life. This two-step process is mediated by the so-called encounter and compatibility filters (Combes, 2001). First, spatial and temporal overlap must take place for initial settlement. Second, whether the host is a suitable substratum will determine survival and/or reproduction on it. Epidermis renewal and hydrolytic substances of cetacean skin may prevent fouling, at least to some extent (Hicks 1985; Baum et al., 2000; Baum et al., 2001), but skin regeneration and immune functions are seemingly lower in debilitated dolphins (J. R. Geraci and S. H. Ridgway pers comm. in Aznar et al., 1994). Poor health can also result in slower swimming (Aznar et al., 1994; Lehnert et al., 2021), fostering better conditions for epibiotic settlement (e.g., providing more time for contact with blooms of free-living infective stages, or mild water flow over the host’s body, thus reducing drag and facilitating initial colonization). For instance, striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1833), infected by morbillivirus and in poor nutritional condition harbored high loads of parasitic and commensal epizoites (Aguilar and Raga, 1993; Aznar et al., 1994; Aznar et al., 2005). Also, higher prevalence of cyamids in porpoises could hint a higher incidence of disease-related skin injuries, where they attach (Lehnert et al., 2021). Another example is the massive infestation of cyamids on a stranded humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781), that suffered from severe discospondylitis and, as a result, reduced mobility (Groch et al., 2018).

Once settled, the impact of epibionts on cetacean health varies among taxa (especially between ectoparasites and commensals; see above). For instance, the mesoparasite Pennella balaenoptera penetrates the skin and blubber of its hosts; this process has been related to both macro- and microscopic lesions such as abscesses, inflammation, and dermatitis (Cornaglia et al., 2000; Gomerčić et al., 2006; IJsseldijk et al., 2018). In contrast, no direct damage has been related to whale lice infections (e.g., Migaki, 1987; Lehnert et al., 2021), although it has been speculated that their occurrence may hinder skin healing processes (Lehnert et al., 2021). On the other hand, the possibility that some cetacean epibionts can act as viral or bacterial vectors is an open question, as it has been observed for ectoparasitic crustaceans parasitizing fish (Smit et al., 2019) or lice infecting seals (La Linn et al., 2001). Climate changes have shifted the geographical distribution of arthropod-borne viruses (Gould and Higgs, 2008) and whether these may emerge in cetaceans and even be transmitted by their epibonts (e.g., ectoparasitic lice, see Van Bressem et al., 2009) remains unknown.

Epibionts as Cetacean Indicators

Due to temporal or permanent association with their hosts/basibionts, both endoparasites and epibionts represent a cost-effective tool to study multiple facets of cetacean biology (e.g., Dailey and Vogelbein, 1991; Balbuena et al., 1995; Gomes et al., 2021). However, epibionts are advantageous over endoparasites in that many of them are detectable in the field (e.g., using boat-based photography; see Hermosilla et al., 2015; Siciliano et al., 2020; Flach et al., 2021), and can often be easily found and counted on stranded hosts, be alive or dead, with minimum dissection, if at all (Balbuena et al., 1995). Most studies using epibionts as markers only require basic data to be gathered, i.e. genus- or, preferably, species-level identification, and quantification of population size at host individual or population scales. More elaborated research may require additional information on (1) degree of host specificity, (2) size measurements as an estimate of time since attachment, (3) distribution patterns on hosts’ body, (4) geographic range, and/or (5) selected molecular markers (e.g., Bushuev, 1990; Kaliszewska et al., 2005; Ten et al., 2019; Moreno-Colom et al., 2020; Lehnert et al., 2021).

At present, cetacean epibionts have been used, inter alia, as ‘tags’ to trace past (e.g., Collareta et al., 2018a; Taylor et al., 2019) or present-day (e.g., Pearson et al., 2020; Visser et al., 2020) migratory routes and habitat use; shed light on phylogeography, population structure, and ecological stock delimitation (e.g., Bushuev, 1990; Kaliszewska et al., 2005; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2018); give insight into hydrodynamics (e.g., Kasuya and Rice, 1970; Briggs and Morejohn, 1972; Fish and Battle, 1995; Carrillo et al., 2015; Moreno-Colom et al., 2020), assist in individual recognition (e.g., Visser et al., 2020); and act as sentinels of health status (Mackintosh and Wheeler, 1929; Van Waerebeek et al., 1993; Aznar et al., 1994; Aznar et al., 2005; Lehnert et al., 2007; Vecchione and Aznar, 2014; Lehnert et al., 2021; for more references see Results). Nonetheless, there is plently of further opportunities to exploit the full potential of these organisms as biological indicators.

Aims

Studies including information on cetacean epibionts have usually focused on particular geographical areas (e.g., Kane et al., 2008; Lehnert et al., 2019), host species (e.g., Rice, 1978; Stimmelmayr and Gulland, 2020) or epibiotic taxa (e.g., Kane et al., 2008; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018). Furthermore, in the last decades a number of nomenclatural changes, new associations, and geographical records have been accumulating, thus we think that the available comprehensive reviews and checklists on this subject (Beneden, 1870; Dailey and Brownell, 1972; Arvy, 1977; Arvy, 1982; Raga, 1994) should be updated. On the other hand, few articles have reviewed the use of marine mammal parasites as biological tags (Balbuena et al., 1995; Mackenzie, 2002), and none gathered information about the whole epibiotic fauna of cetaceans.

The present systematic review aims to compile and update all records of cetacean epibiotic fauna (= epizoites) to date as a thorough, handy catalogue for researchers. Other organisms, i.e. diatoms and cookie-cutter shark, Isistius brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) are also included in a specific section of this review to provide a complete picture of other externally-associated organisms that have been proven to be valuable biological indicators for cetaceans. Finally, we identify information gaps and future research directions and highlight the value of cetacean epibionts as indicator tools, encouraging their application in cetacean research.

Methods

Literature Search

A systematic literature review was performed following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines (Moher et al., 2015; Figure 1). We conducted a thorough bibliographic search in the following databases: Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com), Scopus (https://www.scopus.com), ScienceDirect (https://www.sciencedirect.com), Web of Science (https://www.webofscience.com), and Sage (https://journals.sagepub.com). The following search string was used for Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Sage: (epibiont OR epibiotic OR epibiosis OR epizoite OR epizoic OR barnacle OR ectoparasite OR mesoparasite) AND (balaena OR eubalaena OR balaenoptera OR megaptera OR eschrichtius OR caperea OR cephalorhynchus OR delphinus OR feresa OR globicephala OR grampus OR lagenodelphis OR lagenorhynchus OR lissodelphis OR orcaella OR orcinus OR peponocephala OR pseudorca OR sotalia OR “Sousa chinensis” OR “Sousa plumbea” OR “Sousa sahulensis” OR “Sousa teuszii” OR stenella OR “Steno bredanensis” OR tursiops OR “Inia geoffrensis” OR kogia OR delphinapterus OR “Monodon monoceros” OR neophocaena OR phocoena OR phocoenoides OR physeter OR platanista OR pontoporia OR berardius OR hyperoodon OR mesoplodon OR tasmacetus OR ziphius OR indopacetus)

FIGURE 1
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 1 Flow diagram of the methodology used in the literature search performed in this systematic review. Adaptation from PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews) template (Page et al., 2021).

Note that the use of genus name in some cetacean genera, i.e., Monodon Linnaeus, 1758, Sousa Gray, 1866, and Steno Gray, 1846 yielded many records of unrelated taxa, thus full species name was included in these cases. The output was exported and checked for duplicates and non-relevant papers with the open-source reference management software Zotero.

In the case of Google Scholar, only the first 100 result pages are available, thus we used the search strings “(epibiont OR epibiotic OR epibiosis OR epizoite OR epizoic OR barnacle OR ectoparasite OR mesoparasite) AND i”, where i stands for a cetacean genus, to maximize the number of obtainable records. The output of each search was checked manually. In addition, we searched each epibiotic species in GBIF.org and included those associations and geographic locations that had not been reported in scientific publications. For all publications obtained, we looked up their references to search for potential missing records.

The final list includes the literature published until December 2021 that provides information on cetacean-epibiont(s) associations (Figure 1). These results are listed according to the epibiotic (see the Results) and the cetacean taxa (Supplementary Table 1). For each selected record, we extracted the following information, when available: cetacean species, epibiotic species, geographic area(s), prevalence (i.e., percent occurrence of the epibiont in each cetacean species of the sample), location on the cetacean, and any information related to indicator potential. Current species nomenclature and synonyms were checked in WoRMS (https://www.marinespecies.org/) and recent literature. Geographical locations were also classified at the scale of Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) (see e.g., Brotz et al., 2012).

For comparative purposes, we investigated research effort on each cetacean species using the number of results in Google Scholar as a proxy. For each species, we used the scientific name in quotation marks as search string. For the 6 species that previously constituted the Lagenorynchus genus (see Vollmer et al., 2019), we used the former nomenclature for the search to avoid understimation (i.e., "Lagenorynchus" followed by species name).

Results

General Patterns

A total of 492 published documents, including 7 unpublished manuscripts, and 9 GBIF records were found. Three additional reliable records were serendipitously found in internet photo-catalogues and were also included in the final list (Supplementary Table 1). A roughly exponential trend in the number of publications was found throughout the period covered (1655-2021), with a peak in the 2010s decade (Figure 2); 2020 was the most productive year with 21 publications.

FIGURE 2
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 2 Number (N) of publications including data on cetacean epibiotic fauna at a decadal scale from 1655 to 2021.

Baleen whales, and particularly Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781), show the highest diversity of epibionts, followed by Tursiops spp. (Figure 3). However, it is difficult to ascertain the extent to which this pattern is affected by sampling effort (Figure 3). Likewise, 26 cetacean species from four genera have no published records of epibiotic fauna to date (Supplementary Table 1), but these hosts have also been generally little studied (< 4,000 publications in Google Scholar, Figure 3). Research effort varies also among geographic regions (Figure 4). The Mediterranean Sea and Antarctica are, by far, the geographic areas with the highest number of publications of cetacean epizoites, and some areas still lack such studies.

FIGURE 3
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 3 Number of epibiotic species (bars, left y-axis) and total number of general results in Google Scholar (line, right y-axis) of each cetacean genus. The number of cetacean species in each genus is shown in parentheses.

FIGURE 4
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 4 Number of publications (indicated by numbers and color gradient) on cetaceans that contain data on their epibiotic fauna at least to genus level grouped by Large Marine Ecosystems (LME). When the same publication includes data for several LMEs, it is counted separately for each one. Azores (NE Atlantic) and Tonga (SW Pacific) are not in the LME system but were included as additional areas.

Systematic List

A systematic list of the 58 epizoic taxa (53 at species level) found to date on cetaceans follows. For each one, we provide information on (i) taxonomic synonyms; (ii) a subset of selected references that provide a complete overview of the species morphology; (iii) molecular sequences available on GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/), with references or with Accession Number whenever no published manuscript was available; (iv) primary type of association, including parasitic (34 spp.), obligate commensal (8-9 spp.), facultative commensal (8 spp.), mutualistic (possibly 1 sp.), or unknown (2 spp.); (v) a list of cetacean hosts/basibionts; (vi) geographic range; (vii) life-cycle; and (viii) microhabitat, i.e., the location(s) on the cetacean body, with references; and (ix) indicator use or potential, with references. Any other relevant data are reported in the ‘Remarks’ section, and all records of association between epizoites and cetaceans are cited in the ‘References’ section.

Phylum Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848

Class Malacostraca Latreille, 1802

Subclass Eumalacostraca, Grobben, 1892

Order Amphipoda Latreille, 1816

Family Cyamidae Rafinesque, 1815

The Cyamidae (‘whale lice’) comprises a group of amphipods that are found exclusively on marine cetaceans (see, e.g., Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018). These 3-30 mm creatures use their pereopods to cling to areas of reduced water flow (e.g., ventral grooves, blowhole, genital slit), where they spend their whole life feeding primarily on cetacean skin (Rowntree, 1983; Rowntree, 1996; Schell et al., 2000); thus, they are all considered ectoparasites. However, evidence that they cause any harm is rather scarce, so some authors support the use of the term ‘ectocommensals’ for them (Leung, 1976; Kenney, 2009). Rowntree (1996) discussed the possibility that some cyamids from whales may also feed on plankton, having perhaps developed mutualistic associations with their hosts. In particular, the cyamid species covering the sensory hairs of whales could increase their activity during plankton blooms, amplifying the signal for prey detection by whales. In addition, it has also been suggested that cyamids could feed on cetaceans’ dead skin and epibiotic algae, thus cleaning up wounds and speeding up healing (Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 2019). Lehnert et al. (2021), on the contrary, hypothesized that cyamids’ feeding activity could actually hinder the healing of skin injuries, and some authors have suggested that heavy cyamid infections may contribute to the death of their hosts (Mignucci-Giannoni et al., 1998).

Since cyamids lack swimming stages, transmission must occur through bodily contacts (Fransen and Smeenk, 1991; Pfeiffer, 2009). Males are typically larger than females (but see Fraija-Fernández et al., 2017) and, at least in some species, have been observed to perfom pre-copulatory mate guarding (Rowntree, 1996; Oliver and Trilles, 2000). Females mate after molting (Conlan, 1991) and incubate eggs and protect the hatchling in a ventral brood pouch (Leung, 1976; Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 2019).

Balaenocyamus balaenopterae (Barnard K.H. 1931)

Synonyms

Cyamus balaenopterae Barnard K.H. 1931

Morphological Description

Barnard, 1932; Margolis, 1959; Leung, 1967; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Molecular Sequences

18S rRNA (Ito et al., 2011)

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804, B. bonaerensis Burmeister, 1867, B. musculus (Linnaeus, 1758), B. physalus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Geographic Range

Atlantic, Pacific, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Antarctica

Life Cycle

In common minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, captured off Iceland, a one-year long life cycle is assumed; similar to other whale lice, hatching occurs in autumn, juveniles are released from the females’ pouch in mid-winter, and they reach sexual maturity in spring or summer (Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013). This life cycle may be synchronized with whales’ seasonal migration (Raga and Sanpera, 1986).

Microhabitat

Natural orifices, i.e., ventral grooves, eyes, umbilicus, mammary slits, anus, and genital slit (Ohsumi et al., 1970; Ivashin, 1975; Raga and Sanpera, 1986)

Use as Indicator

Used to delineate ecological stocks and detect sex segregation in migrating cetaceans (Kawamura, 1969; Bushuev, 1990; Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013).

Remarks

-

References

Mackintosh and Wheeler, 1929; Barnard, 1931; Barnard, 1932; Margolis, 1959; Leung, 1965; Kawamura, 1969; Ohsumi et al., 1970; Lincoln and Hurley, 1974a; Ivashin, 1975; Rice, 1978; Berzin and Vlasova, 1982; Best, 1982; Raga and Sanpera, 1986; Avdeev, 1989; Bushuev, 1990; Sedlak-Weinstein, 1990 (unpubl.); Dailey and Vogelbein, 1991; Kuramochi et al., 1996; Araki et al., 1997; Uchida, 1998; Kuramochi et al., 2000; Margolis et al., 2000; Uchida and Araki, 2000; Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018; Ten et al., unpubl.

Cyamus boopis (Lütken, 1870)

Synonyms

Cyamus elongatus Hiro, 1938, C. pacificus Lütken, 1873, C. suffuses Dall, 1872, Paracyamus boopis (Lütken, 1870)

Morphological Description

Sars, 1895; Barnard, 1932; Leung, 1967; Margolis et al., 2000; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2016

Molecular Sequences

COI (Iwasa-Arai et al., 2017a, Iwasa-Arai et al., 2018; GenBank FJ751158; FJ751159; MT551876; OK562816-OK562832), COII, COIII, ATP6, ATP8, ND3 (Kaliszewska et al., 2005) and the complete mitochondrial genome (GenBank MT458501)

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Typically on Megaptera novaeangliae, but once reported on Berardius bairdii Duvernoy, 1851, Eubalaena australis (Desmoulins, 1822), and Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821)

Geographic Range

Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Antarctica

Life Cycle

Transmission may regularly occur during contacts between migrating hosts or at the feeding areas (Iwasa-Arai et al., 2018).

Microhabitat

Ubiquitous, i.e., head tubercles, eye, jaw, ventral grooves, genital slit, fins (Matthews, 1937; Cockrill, 1960; Ivashin, 1965; Rowntree, 1996). Sometimes attached to the epibiotic cirripedes Coronula diadema (Linnaeus, 1767) and Conchoderma spp. (Dall, 1872; Matthews, 1937; Stephensen, 1942; Angot, 1951; Cockrill, 1960).

Use as Indicator

Haplotype and nucleotide diversities have been used to assess inter-mixing between different breeding populations of humpback whales (Iwasa-Arai et al., 2018). Also, its presence on a southern right whale suggests an interspecific interaction with humpback whales in Brazilian waters (Iwasa-Arai et al., 2017a). The presence of an alive unidentified cyamid (likely C. boopis) on a humpback whale was used to infer that the stranding occurred less than three days before (Bortolotto et al., 2016).

Remarks

Some records of C. boopis on sperm whales (e.g., Barnard, 1932) were re-classified as C. catodontis by Margolis (1955) and later authors (e.g., Stock, 1973a; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018).

References

Lütken, 1870; Dall, 1872; Scammon, 1874; Pouchet, 1888; Pouchet, 1892; Sars, 1895; Collet, 1912; Chevreux, 1913a; Liouville, 1913; Ishi, 1915; Cornwall, 1928; Barnard, 1932; Matthews, 1937; Hiro, 1938; Scheffer, 1939; Angot, 1951; Hurley, 1952; Rees, 1953; Margolis, 1954a; Cockrill, 1960; Rice, 1963; Ivashin, 1965; Leung, 1965; Leung, 1970b; Lincoln and Hurley, 1974a; Berzin and Vlasova, 1982; Sedlak-Weinstein, 1991; Rowntree, 1996; Abollo et al., 1998; Osmond and Kaufman, 1998; Margolis et al., 2000; Alonso de Pina and Giuffra, 2003; Carvalho et al., 2010; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2016; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2017b; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2018; Groch et al., 2018; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2021; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2018; Qiao et al., 2020

Cyamus catodontis (Margolis, 1954)

Synonyms

Cyamus bahamondei Buzeta, 1963

Morphological Description

Margolis, 1954a; Margolis, 1955; Buzeta, 1963; Leung, 1967; Stock, 1973a; Margolis et al., 2000

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Typically on Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758, but once reported on Balaenoptera acutorostrata, B. bonaerensis, B. musculus, B. physalus, and Berardius bairdii

Geographic Range

Eastern Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Ocean, Antarctica

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

One record on a sperm whale’s deformed jaw (Buzeta, 1963)

Use as Indicator

Used to detect social segregation in sperm whales; large males, but not females nor male bachelors, were infected with C. catodontis, suggesting that the former leave their natal pods at puberty (Best, 1969a; Best, 1979).

Remarks

-

References

Barnard, 1932; Margolis, 1954a; Clarke, 1956; Buzeta, 1963; Rice, 1963; Leung, 1965; Best, 1969a; Best, 1969b; Best, 1979; Stock, 1973b; Lincoln and Hurley, 1974a; Berzin and Vlasova, 1982; Fransen and Smeenk, 1991; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Cyamus ceti (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms

Oniscus ceti Linnaeus, 1758

Morphological Description

Krøyer, 1843; Leung, 1967; Margolis et al., 2000; Iwasa-​Arai and Serejo, 2018

Molecular Sequences

COI (GenBank FJ751160-FJ751180)

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Typically on Balaena mysticetus Linnaeus, 1758, but once reported on Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861) and Eubalaena japonica (Lacépède, 1818)

Geographic Range

Artic, North Pacific

Life Cycle

Similar to C. scammoni (see below), but juveniles reach maturity before whales’ northern migration to summer grounds (Leung, 1976). Females carry 150-240 eggs in the brood pouch, of which about 75% are fertilized (Leung, 1976).

Microhabitat

Creases of the lips, flippers, flukes, and thin areas, e.g., armpit and genital slit (Stephensen, 1942; Leung, 1976)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Linnaeus, 1758; Lütken, 1870; Dall, 1872; Scammon, 1874; Margolis, 1955; Omura, 1958; Rice, 1963; Lincoln and Hurley, 1974a; Leung, 1976; Berzin and Vlasova, 1982; Heckmann et al., 1987; Margolis et al., 2000; Kaliszewska et al., 2005; Von Duyke et al., 2016; Chernova et al., 2017; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Cyamus erraticus (Roussel de Vauzème, 1834)

Synonyms

Paracyamus erraticus Roussel de Vauzème, 1834

Morphological Description

Barnard, 1932; Iwasa, 1934; Margolis, 1955; Leung, 1967

Molecular Sequences

COI, COII, COIII, ATP6, ATP8, ND3 (Kaliszewska et al., 2005), EF1a (Seger et al., 2010)

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Typically on Eubalaena australis, E. glacialis (Müller, 1776), and E. japonica; also found on Megaptera novaeangliae

Geographic Range

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Ocean, Antarctica

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Genital, mammary, and anal slits, armpits, and opportunistically on wounds (Stephensen, 1942; Rowntree, 1996; see Remarks)

Use as Indicator

Sequence variation in mitochondrial DNA was used to investigate associations among right whale individuals and subpopulations, to estimate the time of past divergence of right whale populations, and to infer possible changes in their population sizes (Kaliszewska et al., 2005).

Remarks

Transmission probably occurs from mothers’s genital slit to calves’ head at birth. As callosity tissue develops, calves are colonized by the putative competitor Cyamus ovalis Roussel de Vauzème, 1834, likely by head-to-head contact with the mother; the distribution of C. erraticus is then restricted to skin folds and wounds (Rowntree, 1996).

References

Rossel de Vauzème, 1834; Lütken, 1873; Collet, 1912; Chevreux, 1913a; Liouville, 1913; Barnard, 1932; Iwasa, 1934; Margolis, 1955; Lincoln and Hurle7y, 1974a; Berzin and Vlasova, 1982; Rowntree, 1996; Margolis et al., 2000; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Cyamus eschrichtii (Margolis, McDonald & Bousfield, 2000)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Margolis et al., 2000

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Eschrichtius robustus

Geographic Range

California (eastern North Pacific)

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

-

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Margolis et al., 2000

Cyamus gracilis (Roussel de Vauzème, 1834)

Synonyms

Paracyamus gracilis (Roussel de Vauzème, 1834)

Morphological Description

Barnard, 1932; Leung, 1967; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Molecular Sequences

COI, COII, COIII, ATP6, ATP8, ND3 (Kaliszewska et al., 2005), EF1a (Seger et al., 2010)

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Eubalaena australis, E. glacialis, E. japonica

Geographic Range

Atlantic, Pacific, Antarctica

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Head callosities (Barnard, 1932; Rowntree, 1996)

Use as Indicator

See C. erraticus.

Remarks

In a South African sample, C. gracilis co-occurred with C. ovalis Roussel de Vauzème, 1834 (Barnard, 1932).

References

Rossel de Vauzème, 1834; Lütken, 1873; Barnard, 1932; Margolis, 1955; Leung, 1965, Leung 1967; Lincoln and Hurley, 1974a; Berzin and Vlasova, 1982; Rowntree, 1996; Alonso de Pina and Giuffra, 2003; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Cyamus kessleri (A. Brandt, 1873)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Brandt, 1872; Leung, 1967; Margolis et al., 2000; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Molecular Sequences

COI (GenBank FJ751215-FJ751224)

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Eschrichtius robustus

Geographic Range

From Chukchi Sea to California (eastern North Pacific)

Life Cycle

Similar to C. scammoni (see below), but juveniles reach maturity before whales’ northern migration to summer grounds (Leung, 1976). Females carry up to 300 eggs in the brood pouch, of which 75-80% are fertilized (Leung, 1976).

Microhabitat

Umbilicus, genital slit, and anal aperture (Leung, 1976)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Hurley and Mohr, 1957; Leung, 1976; Berzin and Vlasova, 1982; Margolis et al., 2000; Kaliszewska et al., 2005; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Cyamus mesorubraedon (Margolis, McDonald & Bousfield, 2000)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Margolis et al., 2000

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Physeter macrocephalus

Geographic Range

Vancouver Island (eastern North Pacific)

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

-

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Margolis et al., 2000

Cyamus monodontis (Lütken, 1870)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Leung, 1967; Margolis et al., 2000; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2017b; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776), Monodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758, Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier, 1823

Geographic Range

Arctic, western North Atlantic, eastern North Pacific

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Tusk base, caudal fin along with C. nodosus, skin injuries (Porsild, 1922; Stephensen, 1942)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Lütken, 1870; Porsild, 1922; Lincoln and Hurley, 1974a; Heyning and Dahlheim, 1988; Mignucci-Giannoni et al., 1998; Margolis et al., 2000; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2017a

Cyamus nodosus (Lütken, 1861)

Synonyms

Paracyamus nodosus (Lütken, 1861)

Morphological Description

Leung, 1967; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2017b; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Delphinapterus leucas, Monodon monoceros

Geographic Range

Greenland (Arctic, western North Atlantic)

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Tusk base, caudal fin along with C. monodontis, skin injuries (Porsild, 1922; Stephensen, 1942)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Lütken, 1870; Porsild, 1922; Margolis, 1954b; Margolis, 1955; Lincoln and Hurley, 1974a; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2017a

Cyamus orubraedon (Waller, 1989)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Margolis et al., 2000

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Berardius bairdii

Geographic Range

North Pacific

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Lower jaw (Waller, 1989)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Waller, 1989; Margolis et al., 2000; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Cyamus ovalis (Roussel de Vauzème, 1834)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Roussel de Vauzème, 1834; Iwasa, 1934; Leung, 1967; Margolis et al., 2000; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Molecular Sequences

COI (Kaliszewska et al., 2005; Seger et al., 2010), COII, COIII, ATP6, ATP8, ND3 (Kaliszewska et al., 2005), EF1a (Seger et al., 2010)

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Eubalaena australis, E. glacialis, E. japonica, Physeter macrocephalus; once reported on Megaptera novaeangliae

Geographic Range

Atlantic, Pacific, Antarctica

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Head callosities, sometimes with C. erraticus (Stephensen, 1942; Rowntree, 1996; see C. erraticus, above)

Use as Indicator

See C. erraticus.

Remarks

Once misidentified as Cyamus rhytinae (J. F. Brandt, 1846), ectoparasitic on the extinct Steller’s sea cow, Hydrodamalis gigas (Zimmermann, 1780) Palmer, 1895 (see Leung, 1967; O'Clair and O'Clair, 1998).

References

Roussel de Vauzème 1834; Lütken, 1873; Collet, 1912; Liouville, 1913; Barnard, 1932; Iwasa, 1934; Margolis, 1955; Leung, 1967; Lincoln and Hurley, 1974a; Berzin and Vlasova, 1982; Rowntree, 1996; Margolis et al., 2000; Pettis et al., 2004; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Cyamus scammoni (Dall, 1872)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Lütken, 1887; Leung, 1967; Margolis et al., 2000; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Molecular Sequences

COI (GenBank FJ751214), hemocyanin mRNA (Terwilliger and Ryan, 2006)

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Eschrichtius robustus

Geographic Range

North Pacific

Life Cycle

Females can carry about 1,000 eggs in the brood pouch, although only about a 60% are fertilized (Leung, 1976). Eggs hatch in autumn, when gray whales arrive in California, and the young remain in the female’s pouch for 2-3 months and then find shelter in host’s crevices (Leung, 1976). Juveniles reach maturity during the winter northward migration of whales, and have full-grown brood upon arrival to summer grounds. The whole cycle takes 8-9 months to complete and there is probably some overlap in the life cycle of different individuals, given that juveniles are present throughout the year (Leung, 1976). The number of instars is presumed to be at least 7 or 8, but the number of ecdysis was untraceable (Leung, 1976).

Microhabitat

Ventral grooves, i.e., jaw and belly; flukes; on the cirriped Cryptolepas rachianecti Dall, 1872 (Leung, 1976; Dailey et al., 2000)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

Chonotrichous ciliates can infest its ventral surface (Leung, 1976).

References

Dall, 1872; Scammon, 1874; Lütken, 1887; Margolis, 1954a; Rice, 1963; Leung, 1965; Lincoln and Hurley, 1974a; Leung, 1976; Sullivan and Houck, 1979; Berzin and Vlasova, 1982; Dailey et al., 2000; Margolis et al., 2000; Kaliszewska et al., 2005; Takeda and Ogino, 2005; Murase et al., 2014; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Isocyamus antarcticensis (Vlasova in Berzin & Vlasova, 1982)

Synonyms

Cyamus antarcticensis Vlasova in Berzin & Vlasova, 1982

Morphological Description

Berzin and Vlasova, 1982

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758)

Geographic Range

Antarctica

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Pectoral fins, umbilicus (Berzin and Vlasova, 1982)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Berzin and Vlasova, 1982

Isocyamus delphinii (Guérin-Méneville, 1836)

Synonyms

Cyamus delphinii Guérin-Méneville, 1836, C. globicipitis Lütken, 1870

Morphological Description

Barnard, 1932; Leung, 1967; Stock, 1973a; Stock, 1973b; Stock, 1977; Sedlak-Weinstein, 1991; Margolis et al., 2000; Lehnert et al., 2007; Lehnert et al., 2021

Molecular Sequences

COI (Lehnert et al., 2021)

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Typically found on Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809); some records on Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758, Grampus griseus (G. Cuvier, 1812), Lagenorhynchus albirostris (Gray, 1846), Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758), and Pseudorca crassidens (Owen, 1846); once reported on Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846, Megaptera novaeangliae, Mesoplodon europaeus (Gervais, 1855), Peponocephala electra (Gray, 1846), Phocoena dioptrica Lahille, 1912, Steno bredanensis (G. Cuvier in Lesson, 1828), and Tursiops truncatus

Geographic Range

Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Ubiquitous; i.e., blowhole, eyes, jaw, insertion of pectoral fin, wounds (Stock, 1973a; Stock, 1977; Greenwood et al., 1979; Raga et al., 1988; Balbuena et al., 1989; Balbuena and Raga, 1991; Raga and Balbuena, 1993; Jauniaux et al., 2002; Lehnert et al., 2007; Batista et al., 2012; Lehnert et al., 2021)

Use as Indicator

The higher prevalence and intensity of I. delphinii on mature long-finned pilot whale males (vs. females and immature males) may identify the males that are dominant in sexual fights, given that the resulting wounds serve as shelter for this cyamid species (Balbuena and Raga, 1991; Raga and Balbuena, 1993).

Remarks

Lehnert et al. (2021) pose that some records around the 1970-90s misidentified this species and refer to Isocyamus deltobranchium Sedlak-Weinstein, 1992, which has triangular accessory gills (vs. cylindrical in I. delphinii).

References

Lütken, 1870; Lütken, 1893; Collet, 1912; Chevreux, 1913b; Hiro, 1938; Bowman, 1955; Sergeant, 1962; Leung, 1965; Stock, 1973a; Stock, 1973b; Lincoln and Hurley, 1974a; Stock, 1977; Van Bree and Smeenk, 1978; Greenwood et al., 1979; Berzin and Vlasova, 1982; Raga et al., 1983a; Rappé, 1985; Raga et al., 1988; Balbuena et al., 1989; Mead, 1989; Rappé, 1991; Balbuena and Raga, 1991; Fransen and Smeenk, 1991; Sedlak-Weinstein, 1991; Raga and Balbuena, 1993; Abollo et al., 1998; Gibson et al., 1998; Margolis et al., 2000; Wardle et al., 2000; Haelters, 2001; Jauniaux et al., 2002; Haney et al., 2004; Lehnert et al., 2007; Batista et al., 2012; Lehnert et al., 2021; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Isocyamus deltobranchium (Sedlak-Weinstein, 1992)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Sedlak-Weinstein, 1992a; Martínez et al., 2008; Lehnert et al., 2021

Molecular Sequences

COI (Lehnert et al., 2021)

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Phocoena phocoena; once reported on Delphinus delphis, Globicephala macrorhynchus, G. melas, Mesoplodon mirus True, 1913, and Orcinus orca

Geographic Range

Eastern North Atlantic, western north Pacific, Indian Ocean

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Skin wounds (Sedlak-Weinstein, 1992a; Martínez et al., 2008; Lehnert et al., 2021)

Use as Indicator

Higher prevalence in some harbor porpoise populations may reveal more interspecific contacts than in other areas (Lehnert et al., 2021). Also, temporal changes in prevalence could trace trends in the health status of cetacean hosts, given that it has been suggested that poor nutritional status may increase the susceptibility of porpoises to whale lice infections (Lehnert et al., 2021).

Remarks

Diatoms have been reported between I. deltobranchium forearms (Lehnert et al., 2021).

References

Sedlak-Weinstein, 1992a; Martínez et al., 2008; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018; Lehnert et al., 2021

Isocyamus indopacetus (Iwasa-Arai & Serejo, 2017)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Iwasa-Arai et al., 2017b; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018; Kobayashi et al., 2021

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Indopacetus pacificus (Longman, 1926)

Geographic Range

Japan, New Caledonia (western Pacific)

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Mouth, mammary slits, and scars provoked by Isistius sp. (Kobayashi et al., 2021)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Iwasa-Arai et al., 2017a; Kobayashi et al., 2021

Isocyamus kogiae (Sedlak-Weinstein, 1992)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Sedlak-Weinstein, 1992b

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Kogia breviceps (de Blainville, 1838)

Geographic Range

Australia (western South Pacific)

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Skin wounds (Sedlak-Weinstein, 1992b)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Sedlak-Weinstein, 1992b

Neocyamus physeteris (Pouchet, 1888)

Synonyms

Cyamus fascicularis Verrill, 1901, C. physeteris Pouchet, 1888, Paracyamus physeteris (Pouchet, 1888)

Morphological Description

Pouchet, 1892; Leung, 1967; Margolis et al., 2000; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Typically on Physeter macrocephalus; single record on Phocoenoides dalli (True, 1885)

Geographic Range

Eastern Pacific, Atlantic

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

-

Use as Indicator

Used to detect social segregation in sperm whales: females and male bachelors, but not large males, harbour N. physeteris, suggesting that the later leave their natal pods at puberty (Best, 1969a; Best, 1979).

Remarks

-

References

Pouchet, 1888; Pouchet, 1892; Verrill, 1902; Clarke, 1956; Margolis, 1959; Buzeta, 1963; Leung, 1965; Leung, 1967; Best, 1969a; Lincoln and Hurley, 1974a; Best, 1979; Berzin and Vlasova, 1982; Mignucci-Giannoni et al., 1998; Margolis et al., 2000; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Orcinocyamus orcini (Leung, 1970)

Synonyms

Cyamus orcini Leung, 1970b

Morphological Description

Leung, 1970b; Margolis et al., 2000

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Orcinus orca

Geographic Range

Senegal (eastern South Atlantic)

Microhabitat

-

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Leung, 1970b

Platycyamus flaviscutatus (Waller, 1989)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Margolis et al., 2000

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Berardius bairdii

Geographic Range

North Pacific

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Head, back, flanks, flukes (Waller, 1989)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Waller, 1989; Margolis et al., 2000

Platycyamus thompsoni (Gosse, 1855)

Synonyms

Cyamus thompsoni Gosse, 1855

Morphological Description

Gosse, 1855; Lütken, 1873; Wolff, 1958; Leung, 1967; Sedlak-Weinstein, 1991; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Typically on Hyperoodon ampullatus (Forster, 1770); once reported on H. planifrons Flower, 1882 and Mesoplodon grayi von Haast, 1876

Geographic Range

North Atlantic, Pacific, Antarctica

Life Cycle

At least four instars have been distinguished in females (Wolff, 1958). Males are more difficult to classify by morphological features and could die and fall off the whale after copulation (Wolff, 1958).

Microhabitat

Ubiquitous on skin, i.e., eyes, beak, corners of the mouth (Tomilin, 1957; Wolff, 1958; Lincoln and Hurley, 1974a; Sedlak-Weinstein, 1991)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Gosse, 1855; Lütken, 1870; Vosseler, 1889; Collet, 1912; Liouville, 1913; Tomilin, 1957; Wolff, 1958; Stock, 1973b; Lincoln and Hurley, 1974a; Berzin and Vlasova, 1982; Fransen and Smeenk, 1991; Sedlak-Weinstein, 1991; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Scutocyamus antipodensis (Lincoln & Hurley, 1980)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Lincoln and Hurley, 1980

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Cephalorhynchus hectori (Lacépède, 1804), Phocoena dioptrica, Sagmatias obscurus (Gray, 1828)

Geographic Range

Off Namibia (eastern South Atlantic) and New Zealand (western South Pacific)

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Ubiquitous on skin (Lincoln and Hurley, 1980; Best and Meÿer, 2010; Lehnert et al., 2017)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Lincoln and Hurley, 1980; Best and Meÿer, 2010; Lehnert et al., 2017

Scutocyamus parvus (Lincoln & Hurley, 1974)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Lincoln and Hurley, 1974b

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Lagenorhynchus albirostris

Geographic Range

North Sea

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

-

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Lincoln and Hurley, 1974a, Lincoln and Hurley, 1974b; Stock, 1977; Fransen and Smeenk, 1991

Syncyamus aequus (Lincoln & Hurley, 1981)

Synonyms

See Remarks.

Morphological Description

Lincoln and Hurley, 1981; Raga, 1988; Sedlak-Weinstein, 1991

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Delphinus delphis, Stenella coeruleoalba; once reported on Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765), Stenella longirostris (Gray, 1828), Tursiops aduncus (Ehrenberg, 1832 [1833]), and T. truncatus

Geographic Range

Mediterranean, western South Pacific, Indian Ocean

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Blowhole, eyes, corner of mouth, snout, jaw, axilla (Lincoln and Hurley, 1981; Raga and Raduan, 1982; Aznar et al., 1994; Cerioni and Mariniello, 1996; Haney, 1999; Haney et al., 2004; Fraija-Fernández et al., 2017)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

On the one hand, Mediterranean striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba, harbored low prevalence and intensity of S. aequus (27% and 3 ind./host, respectively; Fraija-Fernández et al., 2017). Since striped dolphins are highly social animals (Carlucci et al., 2015), transmission success would be hardly hampered by the scarcity of contacts, but rather by the low sizes of source populations. These small populations may result from the extreme limitation of suitable microhabitats to shelter on these fast-swimming dolphins (Fraija-Fernández et al., 2017). This phenomenon seems also to impact the reproductive strategy of this species (Fraija-Fernández et al., 2017). On the other hand, the species Cyamus chelipes was first described by Costa (1866) and later re-classified in the genus Syncyamus by Bowman (1958). It is considered a nomen dubium (Haney, 1999), the type series is lost (Bowman, 1958), and it was not included in later reviews of the Cyamidae (Leung, 1965; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018|). Thus, it is possible that S. chelipes is a synonym of S. aequus, later described and common in the Mediterranean Sea (see above, Supplementary Table 1).

References

Lincoln and Hurley, 1981; Raga and Raduan, 1982; Raga et al., 1983; Raga and Carbonell, 1985; Raga, 1988; Sedlak-Weinstein, 1991; Aznar et al., 1994; Mariniello et al., 1994; Ross et al., 1994; Cerioni and Mariniello, 1996; Margolis et al., 2000; Fraija-Fernández et al., 2017

Syncyamus ilheusensis (Haney, de Almeida & Reid, 2004)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Haney et al., 2004; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2017b; Iwasa-Arai and Serejo, 2018

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Globicephala macrorhynchus, Peponocephala electra, Stenella clymene (Gray, 1850)

Geographic Range

Brazil (western South Atlantic)

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Eyes, blowhole (Haney et al., 2004; Batista et al., 2012)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Haney et al., 2004; Batista et al., 2012; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2017a; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2018

Syncyamus pseudorcae (Bowman, 1955)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Bowman, 1955; Leung, 1967

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Delphinus delphis, Pseudorca crassidens, Stenella clymene

Geographic Range

North Atlantic, Pacific

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Blowhole, mouth, snout, jaw (Carvalho et al., 2010)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Bowman, 1955; Leung, 1970a; Sedlak-Weinstein, 1991; Jefferson et al., 1995; Carvalho et al., 2010

Order Isopoda Latreille, 1817

Family Cymothoidae Leach, 1818

Representatives from the family Cymothoidae are obligate parasites of mainly marine but also freshwater fish (Smit et al., 2014). Identification of cymothoid isopods is often difficult because species often show high morphological variation (Trilles et al., 2013). Many species of Nerocila Leach, 1818 require taxonomic revision (Aneesh et al., 2019).

Nerocila sp.

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

A general account of the genus Nerocila and of some of its species can be found Hai-yan and Xin-zheng (2002) and Trilles et al. (2013).

Molecular Sequences

COI, LSU rRNA, 16S rRNA, and 18S rRNA of nine Nerocila spp. (see GenBank)

Association

Unknown

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais & d’Orbigny, 1844)

Geographic Range

-

Life Cycle

See Brusca (1978) and Smit et al. (2014) for a description of the cymothoid cycle.

Microhabitat

Neck region (Brownell, 1975)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

Brownell (1975) reported this ectoparasite on some La Plata dolphins that had been captured accidentally in gillnets, and interpreted that it could have been transmitted from sharks or other fish while all were trapped in the gillnet. Thus, the association with cetaceans should be viewed as accidental.

References

Brownell, 1975

Class Thecostraca Gruvel, 1905

Subclass Copepoda Milne Edwards, 1840

Order Harpacticoida Sars G.O., 1903

Family Balaenophilidae Sars G.O., 1910

The genus Balaenophilus Aurivillius P.O.C., 1879 contains two species that live in close association with marine vertebrates. B. unisetus Aurivillius P.O.C., 1879 is considered an obligate commensal of baleen whales that feeds on algae and/or baleen tissue (Vervoort and Tranter, 1961; Fernandez-Leborans, 2001; Badillo et al., 2007), causing no harm to hosts (Ogawa et al., 1997; Badillo et al., 2007). In contrast, B. manatorum (Ortiz et al., 1992) infects manatees and sea turtles; in the latter they can feed on healthy skin (Badillo et al., 2007; Domènech et al., 2017), sometimes producing extensive lesions (Crespo-Picazo et al., 2017). Thus, this species is considered an ectoparasite.

Balaenophilus unisetus (Aurivillius P.O.C., 1879)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Aurivillius, 1879; Vervoort and Tranter, 1961; Bannister and Grindley, 1966

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Obligate commensal

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1828, B. edeni Anderson, 1878, B. musculus, B. physalus

Geographic Range

Arctic, Atlantic, eastern Pacific, Indian Ocean, Antarctica

Life Cycle

Aurivillius (1879) describes a nauplius and five copepodite stages preceding the adult phase. In the allied species B. manatorum nauplii and early copepodite stages are unable to swim, and copepodite V and adults can perform only short swimming excursions (Domènech et al., 2017). Thus, host bodily contact or closeness is likely necessary for transmission in both species.

Microhabitat

Baleen plates (Aurivillius, 1879; Cocks, 1885; Lillie, 1910; Scharff, 1913; Matthews, 1938b; Vervoort and Tranter, 1961; Rice, 1963; Gambell, 1964; Bannister and Grindley, 1966; Ichihara, 1966; Ichihara, 1978; Collet, 1986; Raga and Sanpera, 1986; Dalla Rosa and Secchi, 1997; Esteves et al., 2020), corner of the mouth (Raga and Sanpera, 1986)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

The presence of this species is likely underestimated since it can be easily overlooked without exhaustive inspection of baleen plates (Aurivillius, 1879; Vervoort and Tranter, 1961). It can sometimes be colonized by chonotrichous ciliates, acting as basibiont (Fernandez-Leborans, 2001).

References

Cocks, 1885; Aurivillius, 1879; Lillie, 1910; Collet, 1912; Scharff, 1913; Allen, 1916; Cornwall, 1927; Cornwall, 1928; Matthews, 1938b; Vervoort and Tranter, 1961; Rice, 1963; Gambell, 1964; Bannister and Grindley, 1966; Ichihara, 1966; Kawamura, 1969; Rice, 1977; Ichihara, 1978; Collet, 1986; Raga and Sanpera, 1986; Dalla Rosa and Secchi, 1997; Esteves et al., 2020

Family Harpacticidae Dana, 1846

Members of this family are mostly marine or brackishwater macroalgal associates, with a few freshwater species (Joon and Young, 1993).

Harpacticus pulex (Humes, 1964)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Humes, 1964

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Unknown

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Tursiops truncatus

Geographic Range

-

Life Cycle

Unknown for this species, but naupliar and copepodite stages have been described for other Harpacticus spp. (e.g., Itô, 1976; Walker, 1981; Choi and Kim, 1994). Harpacticoids generally lack planktonic larval stages, but adults are active swimmers (e.g., Hicks, 1985; Palmer, 1988). It is thus plausible that transmission to bottlenose dolphin occurred during the adult phase.

Microhabitat

On ulcerated and sloughed skin (Humes, 1964)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

This species was described by Humes (1964) on captive marine mammals and has never been reported again. Species of Harpacticus Milne Edwards H., 1840 typically colonize seagrass, algal clumps or sandy and muddy bottoms (Ólafsson, 2001 and references therein), thus the occurrence of H. pulex on cetaceans is intriguing and perhaps forced by confinement conditions (Humes, 1964). Future re-examination of the taxonomic status of H. pulex is advisable.

References

Humes, 1964

Order Siphonostomatoida Burmeister, 1835

Family Caligidae Burmeister, 1835

The family Caligidae (“sea lice”) contains 30 genera (Walter and Boxshall, 2020); species of Caligus Müller O. F., 1785 and Lepeophtheirus Nordmann, 1832 have great economic relevance due to their impact on salmonid fish mariculture (Costello, 2006; Hemmingsen et al., 2020). Caligids use their siphon and a pair of mandibles to feed on fish skin (Kabata, 1974), causing ulcerations and even death to their hosts (Tørud and Håstein, 2008), but their impact on cetaceans has not yet been reported.

Caligus elongatus (Nordmann, 1832)

Synonyms

Caligus arcticus Brandes, 1956, C. kroyeri Milne Edwards, 1840, C. latifrons Wilson C.B., 1905, C. leptochilus Leuckart in Frey & Leuckart, 1847, C. lumpi Krøyer, 1863, C. rabidus Leigh-Sharpe, 1936, C. rissoanus Milne Edwards, 1840, C. trachypteri Krøyer, 1863

Morphological Description

Hemmingsen et al., 2020 and references therein

Molecular Sequences

COI (Øines and Heuch, 2005; Raupach et al., 2015; GenBank AY386272; AY386273; EF452647), 16S rRNA (Øines and Schram, 2008; GenBank AY660020), 18S rRNA (Huys et al., 2006; Øines and Schram, 2008; Mohrbeck et al., 2015; Khodami et al., 2017; GenBank JX845119-JX845131), 28S rRNA (Khodami et al., 2017; GenBank DQ180336; DQ180337; EU118301; EU118302)

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Hyperodoon ampullatus

Geographic Range

North Atlantic (Hemmingsen et al., 2020)

Life Cycle

Two free-living planktonic nauplius stages, one free-swimming infective copepodid stage, and four chalimus stages and one adult stage attached to the host (Maran et al., 2013).

Microhabitat

Skin (O’Reilly, 1998; Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

This is a typical fish ectoparasite that has been reported on more than 80 species (Kabata, 1979; Agusti-Ridaura et al., 2019). Infections in cetaceans are exceptional and likely related to their occurrence close to cage farms (Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013). The hyperparasitic monogenean Udonella caligorum Johnston, 1835, which typically attaches to fish copepods (Freeman and Ogawa, 2010), has been found on C. elongatus infecting common minke whales (Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013).

References

O’Reilly, 1998; Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013

Caligus rufimaculatus (Wilson C.B., 1905)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Wilson, 1905; Takemoto and Luque, 2002; Kim et al., 2019

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Tursiops truncatus

Geographic Range

Western Atlantic (Benz et al., 2011)

Life Cycle

See C. elongatus (above).

Microhabitat

Skin (Benz et al., 2011)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

This species typically infects fish, but there is an exceptional record of adult individuals, including ovigerous females, on a carcass of bottlenose dolphin (Benz et al., 2011).

References

Benz et al., 2011

Lepeophtheirus crassus (Wilson & Bere, 1936)

Synonyms

Gloiopotes crassus Wilson & Bere, 1936

Morphological Description

Lewis, 1967

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Delphinus delphis

Geographic Range

Western Atlantic, North Pacific, Indian Ocean (Lewis, 1967)

Life Cycle

Species of Lepeophtheirus have 2-4 chalimus stages and two preadult stages. The latter can be distinguished by their ability to detach and move over the surface of the host (Krøyer, 1834; see Hamre et al., 2013).

Microhabitat

Hyperparasitic on Remora australis (Bennett, 1840; Radford and Klawe, 1965)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Radford and Klawe, 1965

Family Pennellidae Burmeister, 1835

Unlike other families of the order Siphonostomatoida, members of the family Pennellidae do have intermediate hosts, usually a fish or invertebrate (Kabata, 1979; Nagasawa et al., 1985; Suyama et al., 2021a and references therein). Mating seemingly occurs in the intermediate host and fertilized females attach to the final host in which they produce and release the eggs (Arroyo et al., 2002).

Pennella balaenoptera (Koren & Danielssen, 1877)

Synonyms

Pennella antarctica Quidor, 1913, P. anthonyi Quidor, 1913, P. balaenopterae Koren & Danielssen, 1877, P. cettei Quidor, 1913, P. charcoti Quidor, 1913

Morphological Description

Koren and Danielssen, 1877; Turner, 1905; Hogans, 1987, Hogans, 2017; Abaunza et al., 2001; Vecchione and Aznar, 2014; Suyama et al., 2021b

Molecular Sequences

COI (Fraija-Fernández et al., 2018)

Association

Mesoparasite. The head penetrates the blubber and musculature to feed on blood and expands as 2-3 cephalic horns in host’s tissue to enable attachment, whereas the trunk, genital complex, and abdominal plumes protrude and hang on the host body (Hogans, 1987; Abaunza et al., 2001; Schmidt and Roberts, 2009; Hogans, 2017).

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Balaenoptera acutorostrata, B. bonaerensis, B. borealis, B. edeni, B. musculus, B. physalus, Delphinus delphis, Eubalaena australis, Feresa attenuata Gray, 1874, Globicephala melas, Grampus griseus, Hyperoodon ampullatus, Kogia breviceps, Lissodelphis borealis (Peale, 1848), Megaptera novaeangliae, Mesoplodon bidens (Sowerby, 1804), M. carlhubbsi Moore, 1963, M. mirus, Orcinus orca, Phocoena phocoena, Physeter macrocephalus, Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatus, Ziphius cavirostris

Geographic Range

Atlantic, Pacific, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, Antarctica

Life Cycle

Based on information from other penellids, its life cycle is believed to include a pelagic naupliar stage and several copepodid and chalimus instars on the intermediate (squid) hosts; females are fertilized as late chalimi and undergo a pelagic phase to search out the definitive host, where they metamorphose into the adult stage (Schmidt and Roberts, 2009). In the case of P. balaenoptera, only adult females and the first naupliar stage are known (Arroyo et al., 2002). However, the copepodid and chalimus stages have been described for P. filosa (Linnaeus, 1758) collected from squids (Rose and Hamon, 1953; see also Arroyo et al., 2002), and P. filosa is now considered conspecific with P. balaenoptera (Fraija-Fernández et al., 2018; see also the Discussion). The life cycle of P. balaenoptera could be primarily oceanic because this species is more prevalent on pelagic versus coastal cetaceans (Fraija-Fernández et al., 2018).

Microhabitat

Commonly on the flanks (Raga and Sanpera, 1986; Aznar et al., 1994; Gomerčić et al., 2006; Souza et al., 2005; Ciçek et al., 2007; Foskolos et al., 2017), but occasionally reported on the head (Pouchet and Beauregard, 1889; Foskolos et al., 2017) and flukes (Foskolos et al., 2017). A single record on a whale sucker, Remora australis (Bennett, 1840) attached to a dolphin (Radford and Klawe, 1965).

Use as Indicator

It may be an indicator of compromised health in cetacean hosts (Mackintosh and Wheeler, 1929; Aznar et al., 2005; Vecchione and Aznar, 2014).

Remarks

Since P. balaenoptera is the only recognized species of Pennella Oken, 1815 parasitizing cetaceans, we consider that the published records of Pennella sp. in cetaceans could be assigned to this species, unless proven otherwise. Dailey et al. (2002) reported P. balaenoptera in one northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris (Gill, 1866). Recently, molecular analyses revealed that specimens of P. balaenoptera collected from several cetaceans in western Mediterranean could be conspecific with P. filosa from swordfish, Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758, collected in the same area (Fraija-Fernández et al., 2018). This finding begs further attention (see the Discussion).

References

Steenstrup and Lütken, 1861; Sars, 1866; Pouchet and Beauregard, 1889; Anthony and Calvet, 1905; Turner, 1905; Bouvier, 1910; Japha, 1910; Mörch, 1911; Collet, 1912; Quidor, 1912; Liouville, 1913; Olsen, 1913; Scharff, 1913; Cornwall, 1927; Cornwall, 1928; Mackintosh and Wheeler, 1929; Van Oorde-de Lint and Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1936; Matthews, 1938b; Allen, 1941; Stephensen, 1942; Mizue, 1950; Nishiwaki and Hayashi, 1950; Mizue and Murata, 1951; Nishiwaki and Oye, 1951; Ohno and Fujino, 1952; Kakuwa et al., 1953; Barnard, 1955; Chapman and Santler, 1955; Clarke, 1956; Zenkovich, 1956; Tomilin, 1957; Rice, 1963; Radford and Klawe, 1965; Kawamura, 1969; Berzin, 1972; Rice, 1977; Rice, 1978; Dailey and Stroud, 1978; Dailey and Walker, 1978; Ivashin and Golubovsky, 1978; Greenwood et al., 1979; Best, 1982; Raga and Carbonell, 1985; Raga and Sanpera, 1986; Smiddy, 1986; Mead, 1989; Bushuev, 1990; Dorsey et al., 1990; Sedlak-Weinstein, 1990 (unpubl.); Dailey and Vogelbein, 1991; Raga and Balbuena, 1993; Aznar et al., 1994; Aznar et al., 2005, unpubl.; Raga, 1994; Vecchione, 1994; Cerioni and Mariniello, 1996; Kuramochi et al., 1996; Araki et al., 1997; Kuramochi et al., 2000; McAlpine et al., 1997; Terasawa et al., 1997; Uchida, 1998; Walker and Hanson, 1999; Cornaglia et al., 2000; Uchida and Araki, 2000; Abaunza et al., 2001; Arroyo et al., 2002; Brzica, 2004; Gomerčić et al., 2006; Souza et al., 2005; Ciçek et al., 2007; Kautek et al., 2008; Martín et al., 2011; Rosso et al., 2011; Bertulli et al., 2012; Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013; Tonay and Dede, 2013; Danyer et al., 2014; Öztürk et al., 2015; Delaney et al., 2016; Birincioğlu et al., 2017; Foskolos et al., 2017; Hogans, 2017; Fraija-Fernández et al., 2018; IJsseldijk et al., 2018; Marcer et al., 2019; Methion and Díaz López, 2019; Herr et al., 2020; Orrell, 2020; Ten et al., unpubl.

Subclass Cirripedia Burmeister, 1834

Order Balanomorpha Pilsbry, 1916

Family Balanidae Leach, 1817

Thoracic barnacles (Infraclass Thoracica) are sessile, hermaphroditic crustaceans that attach to diverse substrata and have specialized cirri to filter organic particles from water for feeding (Anderson, 1994). The life cycle typically includes a free-swimming nauplius larva that undergoes several (usually 6) moults, and a non-feeding cypris larva that searchs out, and attaches to, an appropriate substratum. Subsequent metamorphosis leads to a juvenile filter-feeding version of the adult (Darwin, 1854; Cornwall, 1955; Maruzzo et al., 2012). The cyprid stage is unique to barnacles and shows little morphological variability across species, even though they can attach to strikingly different substrata (Maruzzo et al., 2012; Dreyer et al., 2020).

This family originally encompassed all sessile barnacles (Leach, 1817), but whale barnacles and most sea turtles were later re-classified (Pitombo, 2004; see below). Most members of Balanidae are intertidal, although some species are facultative epibionts, e.g., those found on sea turtles, such as Balanus trigonus (Ten et al., 2019).

Balanus trigonus (Darwin, 1854)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Darwin, 1854

Molecular Sequences

COI (Chen et al., 2013; Ashton et al., 2016; GenBank JQ035523; JQ035524; MF974362; MK308152; MK308163; MK308322; MK496572; MT258956; MW277718; MW277822), EF1a (Chan et al., 2017), RPII (Chan et al., 2017), 12S rRNA (Endo et al., 2010; Kamiya et al., 2012; Pérez-Losada et al., 2014; Chan et al., 2017; GenBank GU983669; GU983670), 16S rRNA (Chan et al., 2017; GenBank JQ035491; JQ035492), 18S rRNA (Pérez-Losada et al., 2014; Chan et al., 2017), 28S rRNA (Pérez-Losada et al., 2014), and the complete mitochondrial genome (GenBank MW646099; MZ049958; NC_056392)

Association

Facultative commensal

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Megaptera novaeangliae

Geographic Range

Cosmopolitan (Werner, 1967)

Life Cycle

Metamorphosis from nauplius to cyprid stage is speeded up at higher water temperature, i.e., 4-11 days (Thiyagarajan et al., 2003). Recruitment is seasonal and takes place at approximately 24°C (Lam, 2000).

Microhabitat

As a hyperepibiont on the barnacle Coronula diadema (Cornwall, 1928)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Cornwall, 1928

Balanus spp.

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

A general account of Balanus spp. can be found in Darwin (1854); Newman and Ross (1976), and Pitombo (2004).

Molecular Sequences

> 5,000 results in GenBank

Association

Presumably facultative commensal

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Megaptera novaeangliae

Geographic Range

-

Life Cycle

Information for Balanus spp. is available from Brown and Roughgarden (1985) and Maruzzo et al. (2012).

Microhabitat

As a hyperepibiont on the barnacle Coronula spp. (Rice, 1963)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

Balanus spp., as in Rice (1963), may correspond to a single or several species.

References

Rice, 1963

Megabalanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms

Balanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus, 1758), Lepas tintinnabulum Linnaeus, 1758

Morphological Description

Darwin, 1854; Barnard, 1924

Molecular Sequences

COI (Chen et al., 2013; Ashton et al., 2016; GenBank JQ035525-JQ035527), H3 (Pérez-Losada et al., 2004), 12S rRNA (Pérez-Losada et al., 2004), 16S rRNA (Pérez-Losada et al., 2004; GenBank JQ035505-JQ035508), 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA (Pérez-Losada et al., 2004), and the complete mitochondrial genome (Che et al., 2019; GenBank MW281857; NC_056162)

Association

Facultative commensal

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Unidentified whale

Geographic Range

Tropical or sub-tropical to warm temperate waters (Otani et al., 2007)

Life Cycle

In the Arabian Sea, barnacles breed at lower temperatures, i.e., less than 24 °C in winter vs. > 28 °C in summer; and grow at a rate of 0.44-0.63 mm/year (Ali and Ayub, 2021).

Microhabitat

As a hyperepibiont on the barnacle Coronula diadema (Barnard, 1924)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Barnard, 1924

Family Coronulidae Leach, 1817

Coronulids are typically obligate epibionts of sea turtles, sirenians or cetaceans (Marlow, 1962; Hayashi et al., 2013). One species, Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758), can also be found on crustaceans and sea snakes, and even on inanimate substrata (Frazier and Margaritoulis, 1990; Cheang et al., 2013).

Cetopirus complanatus (Mörch, 1852)

Synonyms

Coronula balaenaris (Gmelin, 1791), C. complanata (Mörch, 1852)

Morphological Description

Darwin, 1854; Pilsbry, 1916; Scarff, 1986; Pastorino and Griffin, 1996; Seilacher, 2005

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Obligate commensal

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Eubalaena australis, E. glacialis

Geographic Range

Arctic, Atlantic, eastern North Pacific, Antarctica

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Lips, fins (Guiler, 1956; Best, 1991)

Use as Indicator

Shell plate remains of C. complanatus in Nerja Cave (Málaga, southern Spain) were used as indirect evidence of whale consumption by humans in the Upper Magdalenian (Álvarez-Fernández et al., 2013) and of the presence and migration of right whales (Balaenidae) in the Mediterranean during the Early Pleistocene (Collareta et al., 2016; Bosselaers et al., 2017).

Remarks

There is a single record on Megaptera novaeangliae (Guiler, 1956), but it was probably confused with Coronula reginae (Holthuis et al., 1998).

References

Chemnitz, 1785; Chemnitz and Martini, 1790; Darwin, 1854; Gruvel, 1903; Pilsbry, 1916; Nilsson-Cantell, 1931; Best, 1991

Coronula diadema (Linnaeus, 1767)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Darwin, 1854; Dall, 1872; Cornwall, 1955; Scarff, 1986; Anderson, 1994

Molecular Sequences

H3, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA (Hayashi et al., 2013)

Association

Obligate commensal

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Typical from Megaptera novaeangliae but some records on Balaenoptera bonaerensis, B. borealis, B. musculus, B. physalus, Eubalaena glacialis, Hyperoodon ampullatus and Physeter macrocephalus

Geographic Range

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Ocean, Antarctica

Life Cycle

A one-year life cycle has been proposed (Angot, 1951; Newman and Abbott, 1980). Larval release and settlement seem to occur in warm waters (20-25°C in September-October off Madagascar), whereas adult development may take place during whale migration to the poles (Angot, 1951). Details of development from the embryo to the juvenile stage have been studied in vitro (Nogata and Matsumura, 2006). Larval settlement is likely induced by chemical cues from whale skin, such as alpha-2-macroglobulin (Nogata and Matsumura, 2006).

Microhabitat

Rostrum, lips, lower jaw, fins (Dall, 1872; Pilsbry, 1916; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930a, Nilsson-Cantell, 1930c; Stephensen, 1938; Scheffer, 1939; Tomilin, 1957; Scarff, 1986)

Use as Indicator

Isotope analyses (δ18O) of shells of C. diadema and its direct ancestor C. bifida (Dominici et al., 2011) accurately trace current and Pleistocene-Miocene whale migration routes (Buckeridge et al., 2018; Collareta et al., 2018a; Collareta et al., 2018b; Buckeridge et al., 2019; Taylor et al., 2019). Fossil remains have also been used to infer humpback whale migration routes and breeding areas in the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene (Bianucci et al., 2006a; Bianucci et al., 2006b). Present-day observations of Coronula sp. (Olsen, 1913; Angot, 1951) helped to elucidate right whales’ migration from warmer waters (Best, 1991). The co-occurrence of C. bifida with Cetopirus complanatus may indicate that whales belonging to Balaenopteridae and Balaenidae shared breeding grounds during the Early Pleistocene (Collareta et al., 2016). Interestingly, the presence of C. diadema on cetaceans other than humpback whales could also indicate some geographical overlap between species (see the Discussion). Coronula spp. have been suggested as natural marks for individual photo-identification (Franklin et al., 2020). The pattern of attachment of barnacles (presumably C. diadema) indicates non-uniform water flow over humpback whale flippers and has shed light on the function of leading-edge tubercles (Fish and Battle, 1995). Rubbing against rocks and the sea bottom has been observed in humpback whales, which may be an attempt to remove these barnacles (Tomilin, 1957) and could limit its application as an indicator.

Remarks

This species serves as a basibiont of the facultative epibionts Balanus spp., Conchoderma auritum (Linnaeus, 1767), and Megabalanus tintinnabulum, and of the hydroid Obelia dichotoma (Linnaeus, 1758) (Liouville, 1913; Barnard, 1924; Cornwall, 1928; Stephensen, 1938; Rice, 1963; Kim et al., 2020).

References

Dall, 1872; Scammon, 1874; Fischer, 1884; Sars, 1890-1895; Borradaile, 1903; Liouville, 1913; Pilsbry, 1916; Cornwall, 1924; Cornwall, 1927; Cornwall, 1928; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930a; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930c, Hiro, 1935; Hiro, 1938; Stephensen, 1938; Nilsson-Cantell, 1939; Scheffer, 1939; Mizue and Murata, 1951; Rees, 1953; Tomilin, 1957; Nishiwaki, 1959; Cockrill, 1960; Wolff, 1960; Rice, 1963; Nilsson-Cantell, 1978; O’Riordan, 1979; Scarff, 1986; Paterson and Van Dyck, 1991; Young, 1991; Holthuis and Fransen, 2004; Félix et al., 2006; Nogata and Matsumura, 2006; Wirtz et al., 2006; Jones, 2010; Ávila et al., 2011; Jiménez et al., 2011; Hayashi, 2012; Angeletti et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2020; Minton et al., 2020 (in press.); Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, 2020; Ueda, 2020; Ten et al., unpubl.

Coronula reginae (Darwin, 1854)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Darwin, 1854; Scarff, 1986

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Obligate commensal

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Balaenoptera bonaerensis, B. borealis, B. musculus, B. physalus, Eubalaena glacialis, Megaptera novaeangliae; single report on Delphinapterus leucas and Physeter macrocephalus

Geographic Range

Arctic, Atlantic, North Pacific, Indian Ocean, Antarctica

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Lower jaw, flukes (Cockrill, 1960; Scarff, 1986)

Use as Indicator

See Coronula diadema (above).

Remarks

-

References

Collet, 1912; Pilsbry, 1916; Cornwall, 1927; Cornwall, 1928; Mackintosh and Wheeler, 1929; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930a; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930b; Hiro, 1938; Stephensen, 1938; Scheffer, 1939; Rees, 1953; Guiler, 1956; Tomilin, 1957; Cockrill, 1960; Rice, 1963; Klinkhart, 1966; Kawamura, 1969; Rice, 1977; Nilsson-Cantell, 1978; Silva-Brum, 1985; Scarff, 1986; Bushuev, 1990; Smiddy and Berrow, 1992; Holthuis and Fransen, 2004; Ten et al., unpubl.

Cryptolepas rhachianecti (Dall, 1872)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Dall, 1872; Cornwall, 1955; Achituv, 1998; Seilacher, 2005

Molecular Sequences

H3, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA (Hayashi et al., 2013)

Association

Obligate commensal, although Tomilin (1957) considered this species to be potentially harmful because it can impede whales’ movement and damage their skin.

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Eschrichtius robustus; once reported on Delphinapterus leucas and Orcinus orca

Geographic Range

North Pacific; one record in the Gulf of Mexico (eastern North Atlantic)

Life Cycle

Gray whales wintering in waters off California and Mexico bear large and small specimens of C. rhachianecti when migrating northward, but only large barnacles when sighted during the southbound migration (Rice and Wolman, 1971). This would suggest that larval settlement occurs in wintering areas. This interpretation is supported by the observation that belugas held captive in San Diego Bay have C. rhachianecti in synchrony with gray whale northward migration (Rice and Wolman, 1971; Ridgway et al., 1997). Vertical shell growth is 0.12 mm/day (Killingley, 1980).

Microhabitat

Rostrum, lips, throat, peduncle, fins (Kasuya and Rice, 1970; Briggs and Morejohn, 1972)

Use as Indicator

Isotope analysis (δ18O) and geographical patterns of occurrence of fossilized remains have helped to reveal gray whale migration routes (Killingley, 1980; Bosselaers and Collareta, 2016; Taylor et al., 2019). Small size of barnacles and other features (appearance and associated scarring) have been used to identify calves of gray whale in photo-identification studies (Bradford et al., 2011). Barnacle orientation reflects waterflow patterns on gray whales (Kasuya and Rice, 1970; Briggs and Morejohn, 1972). Greater abundance of C. rachianecti on the left side of the head of gray whales may indicate that the right side is used predominantly for benthic feeding (Kasuya and Rice, 1970). In fact, right-sided feeding bias has been observed in some cetaceans (e.g., Clapham et al., 1995; Marino and Stowe, 1997; Karenina et al., 2016), including gray whales (e.g., Woodward and Winn, 2006).

Remarks

-

References

Dall, 1872; Pilsbry, 1916; Rice, 1963; Roest, 1970; Rice and Wolman, 1971; Briggs and Morejohn, 1972; Leung, 1976; Wellington and Anderson, 1978; Sullivan and Houck, 1979; Achituv, 1998; Weller et al., 1999; Takeda and Ogino, 2005; Sokolov and Arsen'ev, 2006; Murase et al., 2014; Scordino et al., 2017; Kasuya and Rice, 1970; Killingley, 1980; Swartz, 1981; Samaras, 1989; Ridgway et al., 1997; Findley and Vidal, 2002

Tubicinella major (Lamarck, 1802)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Darwin, 1854; Seilacher, 2005

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Obligate commensal, although Tomilin (1957) considered this species to be potentially harmful because it can impede whales’ movement and damage their skin.

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Eubalaena australis; once reported on Balaenoptera borealis and E. glacialis

Geographic Range

Atlantic, western South Pacific, Antarctica

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

Upper jaw, callosities, forehead, over the eye (Pilsbry, 1916; Scarff, 1986)

Use as Indicator

Shell plate remains of T. major found in Nerja Cave (Málaga, southern Spain) were used as indirect evidence of whale consumption by humans in the Upper Magdalenian (Álvarez-Fernández et al., 2013).

Remarks

Reported as a basibiont of facultative epibionts of the genus Conchoderma (Liouville, 1913).

References

Worm, 1655; Marloth, 1900; Gruvel, 1903; Liouville, 1913; Pilsbry, 1916; Reeb et al., 2007

Xenobalanus globicipitis (Steenstrup, 1852)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Darwin, 1854; Cornwall, 1955; Rajaguru and Shantha, 1992; Anderson, 1994; Seilacher, 2005

Molecular Sequences

COI (Pérez-Losada et al., 2014), H3, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA (Hayashi et al., 2013)

Association

Obligate commensal

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Balaenoptera acutorostrata, B. bonaerensis, B. borealis, B. edeni, B. musculus, B. physalus, Delphinus delphis, Feresa attenuata, Globicephala macrorhynchus, G. melas, Grampus griseus, Kogia sp., Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser, 1956, Lissodelphis borealis, Megaptera novaeangliae, Mesoplodon bidens, M. mirus, Neophocaena asiaeorientalis Pilleri & Gihr, 1972, N. phocaenoides (Cuvier, 1829), Orcinus orca, Peponocephala electra, Phocoena phocoena, P. sinus Norris & McFarland, 1958, P. spinnipinnis (Burmeister, 1865), Physeter macrocephalus, Pontoporia blainvillei, Pseudorca crassidens, Sagmatias obliquidens (Gill, 1865), S. obscurus, Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais & Deville in Gervais, 1853), S. guianensis (Van Beneden, 1864), Sousa plumbea (G. Cuvier, 1829), Stenella attenuata, S. clymene, S. coeruleoalba, S. frontalis (Cuvier, 1829), S. longirostris, Steno bredanensis, Tursiops aduncus, T. truncatus, Ziphius cavirostris

Geographic Range

Cosmopolitan (Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Mediterranean, South China Sea, Indian Ocean, Antarctica)

Life Cycle

Under experimental conditions at 28°C, the nauplii develop into cyprids in c. 8 days of hatching (Dreyer et al., 2020). Cyprids are similar to those of other barnacles but show variation in the structures that contact the substratum (Dreyer et al., 2020). In Guiana dolphins, Sotalia fluviatilis, off southern Brazil, field observations suggest that barnacle growth rate is initially fast and slows down after c. 30 days; sexual maturity seems to be reached in 40-45 days, and life span does not exceed one year (Flach et al., 2021).

Microhabitat

Trailing edge of dorsal fin, pectoral flippers, and mostly tail flukes (Calman, 1920; Barnard, 1924; Cornwall, 1927; Cornwall, 1928; Pope, 1958; Caldwell et al., 1971; Devaraj and Bennet, 1974; Bryden, 1976; Rice, 1978; Greenwood et al., 1979; Bane and Zullo, 1980; Spivey, 1980; Raga et al., 1983b; Ross, 1984; Raga and Sanpera, 1986; Brownell et al., 1987; Mead and Potter, 1990; Rajaguru and Shantha, 1992; Van Waerebeek et al., 1993; Watson et al., 1994; Jefferson et al., 1995; Reyes and Van Waerebeek, 1995; Araki et al., 1997; Orams and Schuetze, 1998; Rittmaster et al., 1999; Vidal et al., 1999; Barros and Stolen, 2001; Parsons et al., 2001; Resendes et al., 2002; Berland et al., 2003; Di Beneditto and Ramos, 2004; Palacios et al., 2004; Kane et al., 2008; Bearzi and Patonai, 2010; Best and Meÿer, 2010; Carvalho et al., 2010; Ribeiro et al., 2010; Foote et al., 2011; Karaa et al., 2011; Martín et al., 2011; Oliveira et al., 2011; Rosso et al., 2011; Díaz-Aguirre et al., 2012; González et al., 2012; Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013; Towers et al., 2013; Whitehead et al., 2014; Díaz-Gamboa, 2015; Kim and Sohn, 2016; Methion and Díaz López, 2019; Pacheco et al., 2019; Herr et al., 2020; Matthews et al., 2020; Siciliano et al., 2020; Visser et al., 2020; Flach et al., 2021); also reported on the head (Samaras, 1989; Engel, 1994) and on a facial lesion (Alves-Motta et al., 2020).

Use as Indicator

The high detectability of X. globicipitis from visual surveys makes it applicable for individual marking of cetaceans (Visser et al., 2020) and as a multifaceted indicator. First, differences in its prevalence have been used to trace cetacean long-distance migrations (Best, 1982; Bushuev, 1990; Matthews et al., 2020; Ten et al., unpubl.) and to discriminate ecological stocks (Kawamura, 1969; Bushuev, 1990; Toth et al., 2012; Towers et al., 2013; Urian et al., 2019; Silva et al., 2020) and climate change-derived shifts in cetacean distribution (Visser et al., 2020). Second, its settlement patterns on hosts, which seem mainly driven by water flow, have been used to investigate cetacean swimming and hydrodynamics (Carrillo et al., 2015; Moreno-Colom et al., 2020). Lastly, the higher prevalence on immunosuppressed hosts highlights its potential as an indicator of health status in cetacean populations (Aznar et al., 1994; Aznar et al., 2005).

Remarks

-

References

Steenstrup, 1852; Darwin, 1854; Hoek, 1883; True, 1890; Richard and Neuville, 1897; Weltner, 1897; Gruvel, 1905; Gruvel, 1912; Collet, 1912; Liouville, 1913; Gruvel, 1920; Calman, 1920; Nilsson-Cantell, 1921; Barnard, 1924; Broch, 1924; Cornwall, 1927; Cornwall, 1928; Mackintosh and Wheeler, 1929; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930a; Richard, 1936; Matthews, 1938b; Heldt, 1950; Cornwall, 1955; Pope, 1958; Rice, 1963; Zullo, 1963; Stubbings, 1965; Pilleri, 1967; Dollfus, 1968; Kawamura, 1969; Pilleri and Gihr, 1969; Pilleri and Knuckey, 1969; Pilleri, 1970; Rice, 1977; Rice, 1978; Caldwell et al., 1971a; Devaraj and Bennet, 1974; Brownell, 1975; Mead, 1975; Bryden, 1976; Spivey, 1977; Dailey and Walker, 1978; Greenwood et al., 1979; Bane and Zullo, 1980; Spivey, 1980; Raga et al., 1982; Raga et al., 1983b; Ross, 1984; Raga and Carbonell, 1985; Gittings et al., 1986; Raga and Sanpera, 1986; Brownell et al., 1987; Rappé, 1988; Rappé and Van Waerebeek, 1988; Pinedo et al., 1989; Samaras, 1989; Bushuev, 1990; Mead and Potter, 1990; Van Waerebeek et al., 1990; Young, 1991; Duignan et al., 1992; Rajaguru and Shantha, 1992; Aguilar and Raga, 1993; Raga and Balbuena, 1993; Van Waerebeek et al., 1993; Aznar et al., 1994; Aznar et al., 2005; Aznar et al., 2016, unpubl.; Engel, 1994; Fertl, 1994; Watson et al., 1994; Jefferson et al., 1995; Reyes and Van Waerebeek, 1995; Azevedo et al., 1996; Fertl et al., 1996; Araki et al., 1997; Orams and Schuetze, 1998; Uchida, 1998; Rittmaster et al., 1999; Vidal et al., 1999; Di Beneditto and Ramos, 2001; Guerrero-Ruiz and Urbán, 2000; Kuramochi et al., 2000; Uchida and Araki, 2000; Addink and Smeenk, 2001; Barros and Stolen, 2001; Parsons et al., 2001; Danilewicz et al., 2002; Louella and Dolar, 2002; Resendes et al., 2002; Berland et al., 2003; Di Beneditto and Ramos, 2004; Karuppiah et al., 2004; Palacios et al., 2004; Watson and Gee, 2005; Bellido et al., 2006; Sakai et al., 2006; Best, 2007; Pitman et al., 2007; Toth-Brown and Hohn, 2007; Kane et al., 2008; Kautek et al., 2008; Rotstein et al., 2009; Sakai et al., 2009; Bearzi and Patonai, 2010; Best and Meÿer, 2010; Carvalho et al., 2010; Ribeiro et al., 2010; Weir, 2010; Foote et al., 2011; Karaa et al., 2011; Martín et al., 2011; Oliveira et al., 2011; Rosso et al., 2011; Bertulli et al., 2012; Díaz-Aguirre et al., 2012; González et al., 2012; Hayashi, 2012; Pugliese et al., 2012; Toth et al., 2012; Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013; Towers et al., 2013; Lane et al., 2014; Whitehead et al., 2014; Díaz-Gamboa, 2015; Carrillo et al., 2015; Blum and Fong, 2016; Prestridge, 2016; Kim and Sohn, 2016; Denkinger and Alarcon, 2017; Donnelly et al., 2018; Ronje et al., 2018; Cortés-Peña, 2019; Methion and Díaz López, 2019; Pacheco et al., 2019; Urian et al., 2019; Alves-Motta et al., 2020; Gagnon and Torgersen, 2020; Gómez-Hernández et al., 2020; Herr et al., 2020; Matthews et al., 2020; Minton et al., 2020 (in press); Minussi, 2020; Moreno-Colom et al., 2020; Natural History Museum, 2020; Orrell, 2020; Siciliano et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2020; Ueda, 2020; Vargas-Bravo et al., 2020; Visser et al., 2020; CW Azores, 2021; Flach et al., 2021; iNaturalist, 2021; Ten et al., unpubl.

Order Scalpellomorpha Buckeridge & Newman, 2006

Family Lepadidae Darwin, 1852

Lepadids are oceanic fugitive species with relatively rapid growth and require a hard substratum to settle (e.g., Skerman, 1958; Patel, 1959; Southward, 1987; Harper, 1995; Hinojosa et al., 2006; Fraser et al., 2011; Wegner and Cartamil, 2012; Frick and Pfaller, 2013; Schiffer and Herbig, 2016). Overall, they are generalistic settlers on floating objects, be living or inanimate. This feature makes it often difficult to ascertain whether settlement on putative basibionts is pre- or postmortem (e.g., Magni et al., 2015; Ten et al., 2019). However, some degree of specialization for living cetaceans seems to be apparent especially for Conchoderma auritum (see below). Apart from cetaceans, other basibionts for species of Lepas and Conchoderma are, inter alia, bull kelps (Fraser et al., 2011; López et al., 2017), sea turtles (Ten et al., 2019), and even human corpses (Magni et al., 2015). Extensive description of the metamorphosis for species of this family is provided by Darwin (1854).

Conchoderma auritum (Linnaeus, 1767)

Synonyms

Conchoderma leporinum Olfers, 1814, Lepas aurita Linnaeus, 1767, Otion stimpsoni Dall, 1872

Morphological Description

Darwin, 1854; Dall, 1872; Monod, 1938; Cornwall, 1955

Molecular Sequences

COI (Ashton et al., 2016; GenBank MT563423; MT563438; MT563441), H3 (Pérez-Losada et al., 2008), 12S rRNA (Endo et al., 2010), 16S rRNA (Tomioka et al., 2020), 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA (Pérez-Losada et al., 2008)

Association

Facultative commensal. However, Newman and Abbott (1980) considered that this species might actually be an obligate commensal on cetaceans because most records of this species involve, as substrata, the shells of coronulid barnacles and/or on exposed hard surfaces of these mammals, e.g., baleens or tusks of ziphids. Rasmussen (1980) postulated that C. auritum prefers hard substrates in motion, although this species has also been reported on animate objects (see below).

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Balaenoptera acutorostrata, B. bonaerensis, B. borealis, B. musculus, B. physalus, Berardius bairdii, Eschrichtius robustus, Eubalaena glacialis, Feresa attenuata, Globicephala macrorhynchus, G. melas, Hiperoodon ampullatus, H. planifrons, Megaptera novaeangliae, Mesoplodon bidens, M. densirostris (de Blainville, 1817), M. europaeus, M. hectori (Gray, 1871), M. layardii (Gray, 1865), M. mirus, M. stejnegeri True, 1885, Neophocaena phocaenoides, Peponocephala electra, Physeter macrocephalus, Pontoporia blainvillei, Stenella attenuata, S. frontalis, S. longirostris, Tursiops aduncus, T. truncatus, Ziphius cavirostris

Geographic Range

Cosmopolitan

Life Cycle

Growth rate of metamorphosed individuals are available only from inanimate substrata (0.1-1.0 mm/day; Il'in et al., 1978; Rasmussen, 1980; Dalley and Crisp, 1981). At a mean temperature of 23°C, the capitulum of newly recruited individuals can reach 1 mm long in just two days, and 6 mm in 9 days; in older individuals, growth rate estabilizes at 0.55 mm/day (Dalley and Crisp, 1981). Cyprids of C. auritum sampled along the Atlantic Ocean were found in low concentration between 25° N and 34 °S (Dalley and Crisp, 1981).

Microhabitat

On baleen plates (Nilsson-Cantell, 1930a; Nilsson-Cantell, 1939; Omura, 1950a; Christensen, 1985; Raga and Sanpera, 1986; Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013); odontocete teeth (Beneden, 1870; Ohlin, 1893; Lillie, 1910; Hamilton, 1914; Broch, 1924; Nansen, 1925; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930a; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930c; Gauthier, 1938; Monod, 1938; Nilsson-Cantell, 1939; Scheffer, 1939; Fabian, 1950; Mizue, 1950; Omura, 1950a; Omura et al., 1955; Sergeant and Fisher, 1957; Tomilin, 1957; Wolff, 1960; Marlow, 1963; Rice, 1963; Morris and Mowbray, 1966; Pilleri, 1969a; Pilleri, 1969b; Caldwell et al., 1971b; Van Bree, 1971; Fordyce et al., 1979; Dixon, 1980; Baker, 1983; Pastene et al., 1990; Balbuena, 1991; Debrot, 1992; Rodríguez-López and Mignucci-Giannoni, 1999; Soto, 2001; O’Connor and Franco, 2003; Bermúdez-Villapol et al., 2006; Van Waerebeek et al., 2008; Holmes and Franco, 2010; Martín et al., 2011; Bachara and Gullan, 2016; Foskolos et al., 2017; Tomioka et al., 2020), and on the coronulid barnacles C. diadema (Beneden, 1870; Dall, 1872; Sars, 1880; Gruvel, 1911; Mörch, 1911; Liouville, 1913; Borradaile, 1916; Pilsbry, 1916; Broch, 1924; Cornwall, 1924; Cornwall, 1927; Cornwall, 1928; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930a; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930c; Hiro, 1935; Stephensen, 1938; Nilsson-Cantell, 1939; Scheffer, 1939; Tomilin, 1957; Rice, 1963; Clarke, 1966; Newman and Ross, 1971; Holthuis and Fransen, 2004; Kim et al., 2020), C. reginae (Nilsson-Cantell, 1930a; Nilsson-Cantell, 1939; Wolff, 1960; Rice, 1963; Clarke, 1966; Newman and Ross, 1971), and X. globicipitis (Ten et al., unpubl.). Also, on deformed or injured jaws that leave the teeth exposed (Davis, 1874; Mörch, 1911; Matthews, 1938c; Chapman and Santler, 1955; Clarke, 1956; Nasu, 1958; Cockrill, 1960; Wolff, 1960; Slijper, 1962; Spaul, 1964; Clarke, 1966; Pilleri, 1969b; Beach, 2015). Once recorded as an hyperepibiont on P. balaenoptera (Nilsson-Cantell, 1930a).

Use as Indicator

Holmes and Franco (2010) observed several individuals of C. auritum on the left tooth of Sowerby’s beaked whale, Mesoplodon bidens, but none on the right tooth. These authors speculated that the barnacles could indicate some type of chirality during feeding, which may hinder barnacle development on the right side (see Cryptolepas rachianecti above). On the other hand, the presence of C. auritum has been suggested as an indicator of previous interaction of cetaceans with fisheries since these barnacles can attach on scarred mouth injuries (Beach, 2015; Welch, 2017). Finally, knowledge of growth rates of C. auritum makes this species potentially suitable to make temporal calibrations of time since settlement. This could inform on basibiont movements or interaction with fisheries (see, e.g., Dalley and Crisp, 1981; Wegner and Cartamil, 2012; Zettler, 2021), although this application has not been used yet in cetaceans.

Remarks

Also recorded on inanimate substrata (e.g., ship hulls, moorings, ropes; Foster and Willan, 1979; Rasmussen, 1980; Farrapeira et al., 2007) and elephant seals, Mirounga spp. (Best, 1971; Joseph et al., 1986).

References

Bennet, 1837; Bennett, 1840; Hallas, 1868; Beneden, 1870; Dall, 1872; Davis, 1874; Sars, 1880; Ohlin, 1893; Lillie, 1910; Gruvel, 1911; Mörch, 1911; Collet, 1912; Liouville, 1913; Hamilton, 1914; Allen, 1916; Borradaile, 1916; Pilsbry, 1916; Broch, 1924; Cornwall, 1924; Hinton, 1925; Nansen, 1925; Cornwall, 1927; Cornwall, 1928; Mackintosh and Wheeler, 1929; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930a; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930c; Matthews, 1937; Matthews, 1938c; Gauthier, 1938; Hiro, 1938; Monod, 1938; Stephensen, 1938; Nilsson-Cantell, 1939; Scheffer, 1939; Fabian, 1950; Mizue, 1950; Omura, 1950a; Omura, et al., 1955; Angot, 1951; Ohno and Fujino, 1952; Kakuwa et al., 1953; Rees, 1953; Chapman and Santler, 1955; Clarke, 1956; Sergeant and Fisher, 1957; Tomilin, 1957; Nasu, 1958; Symons and Weston, 1958; Cockrill, 1960; Wolff, 1960; Sergeant, 1962; Slijper, 1962; Marlow, 1963; Rice, 1963; Spaul, 1964; Clarke, 1966; Morris and Mowbray, 1966; Perrin, 1969; Pilleri, 1969b; Newman and Ross, 1971; Van Bree, 1971; Monod and Serene, 1976; Fordyce et al., 1979; Dixon, 1980; Baker, 1983; Christensen, 1985; Raga and Sanpera, 1986; Mead, 1989; Bushuev, 1990; Pastene et al., 1990; Bordino and González, 1992; Debrot, 1992; García-Godos, 1992; Raga and Balbuena, 1993; Mignucci-Giannoni et al., 1998; Rodríguez-López and Mignucci-Giannoni, 1999; Huang et al., 2000; Soto, 2001; O’Connor and Franco, 2003; Holthuis and Fransen, 2004; Bermúdez-Villapol et al., 2006; Van Waerebeek et al., 2008; Holmes and Franco, 2010; Ávila et al., 2011; Martín et al., 2011; Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013; Angeletti et al., 2014; Insacco et al., 2014; Beach, 2015; Elorriaga-Verplancken et al., 2015; Bachara and Gullan, 2016; Foskolos et al., 2017; Iwasa-Arai et al., 2017b; Wheeler and McIntosh, 2018; Kim et al., 2020; Natural History Museum, 2020; Tomioka et al., 2020; Ueda, 2020; Ten et al., unpubl.

Conchoderma virgatum (Spengler, 1789)

Synonyms

Conchoderma virgata (Spengler, 1790), Lepas virgata Spengler, 1790

Morphological Description

Darwin, 1854; Nilsson-Cantell, 1928

Molecular Sequences

COI (Chen et al., 2013), H3 (Pérez-Losada et al., 2008), 12S rRNA (Endo et al., 2010), 18S rRNA (Pérez-Losada et al., 2008; Yusa et al., 2012), 28S rRNA (Pérez-Losada et al., 2008)

Association

Facultative commensal

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Balaenoptera acutorostrata, B. bonaerensis, B. borealis, B. musculus, B. physalus, Delphinus delphis, Feresa attenuata, Megaptera novaeangliae, Neophocaena phocaenoides, Physeter macrocephalus, Stenella coeruleoalba

Geographic Range

Cosmopolitan

Life Cycle

Most growth rate estimates of this species have been studied on inanimate substrata (0.1-1.5 mm/day; Darwin, 1851; Annandale, 1909; MacIntyre, 1966; Tsikhon-Lukanina et al., 1977; Il'in et al., 1978; Dalley and Crisp, 1981). For instance, at a mean temperature of 23°C and 14 days after metamorphosis, individuals grew 0.66 mm/day on an experimental torpedo (Dalley and Crisp, 1981). Eckert and Eckert (1987) provide a von Bertalanffy’s growth equation obtained from C. virgatum measurements on nesting sea turtles, which shows an asymptotic trend comparable to that of previous studies. Differences in growth rate estimates and maximum size between studies suggest an effect of the ecological conditions (Eckert and Eckert, 1987).

Microhabitat

Mostly as a hyperepibiont of Pennella balaenoptera (Sars, 1866; Koren and Danielssen, 1877; Turner, 1905; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930a; Clarke, 1956; Clarke, 1966; Raga and Sanpera, 1986; Araki et al., 1997; Terasawa et al., 1997; Uchida, 1998; Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013), but it can also attach directly to odontocete teeth (Lillie, 1910; Aznar et al., 1994). Once reported on C. auritum (Clarke, 1966), Neocyamus physeteris (Oliver and Trilles, 2000), and on the shell of Xenobalanus globicipitis (Ten et al., unpubl.).

Use as Indicator

Knowledge of growth rates of C. virgatum makes this species potentially suitable to make temporal calibrations of time since settlement (see C. auritum). Indeed, unusual attachment of C. virgatum and Lepas spp. on dolphin teeth may have occurred after dolphin death, when teeth remain exposed (Aznar et al., 1994). This provides the opportunity to infer the approximate time of death, as it has been done in sea turtles (Ten et al., 2019). The finding of Conchoderma sp. (presumably C. virgatum) attached to a marlin spear that was inserted into the jaw of an Antarctic minke whale suggested that spearing occurred a few months before the finding (Ohsumi, 1973). Lastly, its presence and size has been used as an indicator of oceanic habitat use by sea turtles (Casale et al., 2004; Casale et al., 2012; Ten et al., 2019) and of interaction with pelagic fisheries (Wegner and Cartamil, 2012; Ten et al., 2019).

Remarks

It is typical settler of inanimate substrata, e.g., ship vessels, buoys (Foster and Willan, 1979; Farrapeira et al., 2007; González et al., 2012; Wegner and Cartamil, 2012), but also attaches to multiple marine animals, including fish (e.g., Crozier, 1916; Hastings, 1972; Ohsumi, 1973), sea turtles (e.g., Eckert and Eckert, 1987; Alonso et al., 2010), elephant seals (Joseph et al., 1986), sea snakes (Annandale, 1909; Yamato et al., 1996), and pelagic crabs (Jerde, 1967; Moazzam and Rizvi, 1979). It has also been reported as a hyperepibiont of fish copepods (e.g., Williams, 1978; Williams and Williams, 1986).

References

Sars, 1866; Koren and Danielssen, 1877; Turner, 1905; Lillie, 1910; Collet, 1912; Liouville, 1913; Mackintosh and Wheeler, 1929; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930a; Clarke, 1956; Clarke, 1966; Kawamura, 1969; Berzin, 1972; Rice, 1977; Greenwood et al., 1979; Raga and Carbonell, 1985; Raga and Sanpera, 1986; Bushuev, 1990; Aguilar and Raga, 1993; Aznar et al., 1994, unpubl.; Araki et al., 1997; Terasawa et al., 1997; Uchida, 1998; Huang et al., 2000; Kuramochi et al., 2000; Oliver and Trilles, 2000; Uchida and Araki, 2000; Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013; Ten et al., unpubl.

Lepas (Anatifa) hillii (Leach, 1818)

Synonyms

Lepas hillii (Leach, 1818)

Morphological Description

Darwin, 1854; Cornwall, 1955

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Facultative commensal

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Once reported on Stenella coeruleoalba

Geographic Range

Pantropical (González et al., 2012)

Life Cycle

At temperatures ca. 25 °C, individuals attached to a ship in central Atlantic Ocean reached maturity after 30-43 days for a capitulum 13-17 mm long (i.e., a growth rate of 0.5 mm/day; Evans, 1958). Similarly as in Conchoderma spp. (see above), growth was asymptotic and fell to 0.03 mm/day after maturity (Evans, 1958).

Microhabitat

Teeth (Aznar et al., 1994)

Use as Indicator

Deeper knowledge of growth rates of L. hillii would refine estimates of time since settlement (see C. virgatum). Some applications include the estimation of the time of death of basibionts (Aznar et al., 1994; Ten et al., 2019), interaction with fisheries (Wegner and Cartamil, 2012; Ten et al., 2019), and oceanic habitat use (Casale et al., 2004; Casale et al., 2012; Ten et al., 2019).

Remarks

On inanimate substrata, e.g., buoys, ship hulls, a rope (Il'in et al., 1978; Dalley and Crisp, 1981; Farrapeira et al., 2007; Wegner and Cartamil, 2012) and on marine vertebrates, including fish (Dulčić et al., 2015), sea turtles (Domènech et al., 2015; Ten et al., 2019), and elephant seals (Joseph et al., 1986).

References

Aznar et al., 1994

Lepas (Anatifa) pectinata (Spengler, 1793)

Synonyms

Lepas pectinata Spengler, 1793

Morphological Description

Darwin, 1854; Cornwall, 1955

Molecular Sequences

COI (Chen et al., 2013; Schiffer and Herbig, 2016; Aguilar et al., 2018; Rech et al., 2018; GenBank KY639421-KY639424; MF974366-MF974369), H3 (Pérez-Losada et al., 2008), 18S rRNA (Pérez-Losada et al., 2008; Schiffer and Herbig, 2016), 28S rRNA (Pérez-Losada et al., 2008)

Association

Facultative commensal

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Stenella coeruleoalba

Geographic Range

Cosmopolitan (González et al., 2012)

Life Cycle

This is the most abundant lepadid in the Northeast Atlantic, where its development has been studied (Ellis et al., 1983; Conway et al., 1990). Interestingly, L. pectinata presumably performs ontogenetic depth migrations, i.e., nauplii feed in the upper 150 m and the non-feeding cyprids distribute at 300-400 m (Conway et al., 1990). Nauplii show similar feeding and swimming features as other barnacle larvae (Moyse, 1984).

Microhabitat

Teeth (Aznar et al., 1994)

Use as Indicator

See L. hillii (above).

Remarks

Closely associated to Sargassum spp. weed (Fine, 1970; Conway et al., 1990); also found on inanimate substrata (e.g., floating crude oil, plastic debris; Horn et al., 1970; Minchin, 1996; Bergami et al., 2021) and on sea turtles (Domènech et al., 2015; Ten et al., 2019).

References

Aguilar and Raga, 1993; Aznar et al., 1994

Phylum Chordata Haeckel, 1874

Class Actinopteri Cope, 1871

Subclass Teleostei Müller, 1846

Order Carangiformes Jordan, 1963

Family Echeneidae Rafinesque, 1810

Remoras or diskfishes include 8 species of specialized teleosts that use their dorsal fin as an adhesive disc to attach to a great variety of marine vertebrates from which they benefit through, e.g., ventilation, protection from predators, and increased contact with conspecifics (Fertl and Landry, 1999a; Fertl and Landry, 1999b). The fact that remoras live in association with elasmobranchs, teleosts, sea turtles, and cetaceans (Cressey and Lachner, 1970) has hampered research on basic biological features such as growth and reproduction for most species (Battaglia et al., 2016).

Echeneis naucrates (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms

Echeneis chiromacer Duméril, 1858, E. fasciata Gronow, 1854, E. fusca Gronow, 1854, E. guaican Poey, 1860, E. lunata Bancroft, 1831, E. metallica Poey, 1860, E. naucratus Linnaeus, 1758, E. neucrates Linnaeus, 1758, E. scaphecrates Duméril, 1858, E. vittate Rüppell, 1838, Echensis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758, Echneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758, Leptecheneis flaviventris Seale, 1906, L. naucrates (Linnaeus, 1758)

Morphological Description

Collette, 2003; Skaramuca et al., 2009

Molecular Sequences

> 40,000 results in GenBank

Association

Facultative commensal

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Sotalia guianensis, Tursiops truncatus

Geographic Range

Cosmopolitan (Collette et al., 2015)

Life Cycle

In the eastern Gulf of Mexico females show slower growth but achieve larger size than males; spawning takes place in August (Bachman et al., 2018).

Microhabitat

Flanks and both dorsal and ventral sides

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

It can free swim in the water column while feeding on small fishes and plankton (O’Toole, 2002), but also attach to a broad spectrum of basibionts, including reef teleosts, sharks, and sea turtles (O’Toole, 2002; Sazima and Grossman, 2006; Gray et al., 2009), nearshore dolphins (above), and even to conspecifics (Brunnschweiler and Sazima, 2006). It is considered a sister-species of E. neucratoides (O’Toole, 2002).

References

Fertl and Landry, 1999b; Fertl et al., 2002; Noke, 2004; Santos and Sazima, 2005

Echeneis neucratoides (Zuiew, 1789)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

-

Molecular Sequences

COI (GenBank KF461171), EGR1, EGR2B, EGR3 (Campbell et al., 2013), ITS1 (Gray et al., 2009), ND2 (Gray et al., 2009), RAG1, RH1 (Campbell et al., 2013), VCPIP, ZIC1 (Betancur et al., 2013), 5.8S rRNA, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA (Gray et al., 2009)

Association

Presumably facultative commensal

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Two unidentified cetaceans

Geographic Range

Western Atlantic Ocean (Fertl and Landry, 1999a; Fertl and Landry, 1999b)

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

-

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

Typical commensal of sharks and once observed on a West Indian manatee captured in Puerto Rico (Mignucci-Giannoni et al., 1999).

References

O’Toole, 2002

Remora australis (Bennett, 1840)

Synonyms

Echeneis australis Bennett, 1840, E. scutata Günther, 1860, Remilegia australis (Bennett, 1840), Remora australia (Bennett, 1840), R. scutata (Günther, 1860)

Morphological Description

Rice and Caldwell, 1961

Molecular Sequences

COI (GenBank GU440495; OK030822), CYTB (Sanciangco et al., 2016), ITS1, ND2 (Gray et al., 2009), RAG1 (GenBank EU167871), 5.8S rRNA, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA (Gray et al., 2009)

Association

Obligate commensal/mutualist. Although previously considered as an obligate commensal (Rice and Caldwell, 1961), later evidence has shown that this species can feed on host’s ectoparasites (O’Toole, 2002). However, remoras may potentially disrupt the flow over cetaceans’ body, increasing drag, and their sucking disk may produce irritation (Fish et al., 2006).

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Balaenoptera borealis, B. edeni, B. musculus, Delphinus delphis, Orcinus orca, Physeter macrocephalus, Stenella attenuata, S. frontalis, S. longirostris, Tursiops truncatus

Geographic Range

eastern Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Indonesian Sea

Life Cycle

Off Brazil, remoras of the smallest size class (i.e., < 10 cm) were the most abundant size class in May and their frequency fell until none were reported in October (Wingert et al., 2021).

Microhabitat

Ubiquitous on skin (Wingert et al., 2021)

Use as Indicator

Remoras on blue whales preferentially attach to regions with reduced drag. Therefore, they could evince patterns of water flow over swimming whales, which could optimize tag deployment for extended ecological monitoring (Flammang et al., 2020).

Remarks

The records from B. edeni, O. orca, S. attenuata, and T. truncatus above provide only identification to genus level, but are here assigned to R. australis since it is the only species of Remora associated to cetaceans (O’Toole, 2002). Individuals of R. australis appear to disengage from whales during whaling (Pike, 1951; Rice and Caldwell, 1961), which might result in gross underestimations of actual prevalence in nature. Prior to towing, the prevalence of R. australis on blue whales, Balaenoptera musculus, captured in California and Peru was close to 100 percent (Rice and Caldwell, 1961). Attachment marks of this species on the host’s epidermis are superficial, and scarring is not typically observed (Rice and Caldwell, 1961; Visser, pers. obs.). There is a single record of two copepod hyperparasites on R. australis, namely Pennella balaenoptera and Lepeophtheirus crassus (Radford and Klawe, 1965).

References

Carl and Wilby, 1945; Cadenat, 1953; Krefft, 1953; Follet and Dempster, 1960; Mahnken and Gilmore, 1960; Rice and Caldwell, 1961; Rice, 1963; Radford and Klawe, 1965; Rice, 1977; Rice, 1978; Notarbartolo di Sciara and Watkins, 1979; Fertl and Landry, 1999a; Fertl and Landry, 1999b; Wingert et al., 2021

Order Siluriformes -

Family Trichomycteridae Bleeker, 1858

Catfishes (Siluriformes) are widely distributed in freshwater, estuarine, and marine habitats of continental shelves (de Pinna, 1998). Members of the family Trichomycteridae, known as pencil or parasitic catfishes (de Pinna and Wosiacki, 2003), inhabit continental freshwaters from Costa Rica to Patagonia (de Pinna and Wosiacki, 2003; Eschmeyer et al., 2017).

Ochmacanthus sp.

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Araújo-Wang et al., 2019

Molecular Sequences

COI, CYTB, H3, ND4, MYH6, RAG1, RAG2, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA of three Ochmacanthus spp. (see GenBank)

Association

Presumably obligate commensal

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Inia geoffrensis (Blainville, 1817)

Geographic Range

South American rivers (Koch, 2002)

Life Cycle

-

Microhabitat

On lateral and ventral surfaces (Araújo-Wang et al., 2019)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

Candirus are generally commensal on various freshwater fishes (Adriaens et al., 2010), but Araújo-Wang et al. (2019) reported year-round observations on Inia geoffrensis.

References

Araújo-Wang et al., 2019

Class Hyperoartia Müller, 1844

Order Petromyzontiformes Berg, 1940

Family Petromyzontidae Bonaparte, 1831

Anadromous lampreys (Petromyzontiformes) are jawless fishes distributed antitropically around the world. They develop in estuaries and oceans, where they parasitize large vertebrates consuming their blood, fluids, and flesh, and then migrate into freshwater streams to spawn and die (Renaud, 2011; Johnson et al., 2015; Clemens et al., 2019). Species of Petromyzontidae are exclusively found in the Northern Hemisphere (Renaud, 2019; Miller et al., 2021). The family Petromyzontidae is described in Renaud (2019).

Entosphenus tridentatus (Richardson, 1836)

Synonyms

Entosphenus epihexodon Gill, 1862, E. tridentatus tridentatus (Richardson, 1836), Lampetra tridentatus (Richardson, 1836), Petromyzon astori Girard, 1858, P. ciliatus Ayres, 1855, P. epihexodon (Gill, 1862), P. lividus Girard, 1858, P. tridentatus Richardson, 1836

Morphological Description

Creaser and Hubbs, 1922

Molecular Sequences

COI (Yamazaki et al., 2006; April et al., 2011; Carim et al., 2017; GenBank GU440367; KF918874; KF918875; KF929845; KY570333), CR (GenBank AY205567), CYTB (Docker et al., 1999; Lorion et al., 2000; Yamazaki et al., 2006; Boguski et al., 2012; GenBank DW022992; GQ206157; KR422618; KR422619; KU672473-KU672485), ETR-1, ETR-2, ETR-3, ETR-4, ETR-5, ETR-6 (Spice et al., 2011), GnRH-III (Silver et al., 2004), ND1, ND2, ND4, ND5 (Docker et al., 2007), RT (GenBank AJ244558), 12S rRNA (GenBank LC091545; LC091546), 16S rRNA (GenBank KJ010762), and the whole genome (Hess et al., 2020)

Association

Ectoparasite

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Balaenoptera borealis, B. musculus, B. physalus, Berardius bairdii, Megaptera novaeangliae, Physeter macrocephalus

Geographic Range

North Pacific, from Baja California north to the Bering and Chukchi seas and westward into Russia and Japan, showing the greatest latitudinal range of any lamprey (Renaud, 2011)

Life Cycle

Laboratory observations hypothesized that the time of residence in the ocean is ≤ 3.5 years (Beamish, 1980). Movements in the ocean are poorly understood, but they are typically caught between the surface and 500 m (see Clemens et al., 2019).

Microhabitat

-

Use as Indicator

Based on the degree of healing of the marks of Pacific lampreys on several species of whales, Pike (1951) inferred that lamprey attacks took place during the northward migration in the North Pacific. Therefore, marks could be used to trace whale’s migration.

Remarks

Typically parasitizes fish (Clemens et al., 2019).

References

Carl, 1950; Pike, 1951; Nemoto, 1955; Rice, 1963; Rice, 1977; Rice, 1978

Petromyzon marinus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms

Ammocoetes bicolor Lesueur, 1818, Batymyzon bairdii (Gill, 1883), Lampetra marina (Linnaeus, 1758), Oceanomyzon wilsoni Fowler, 1908, Petromyzon adriaticus Nardo, 1847, P. americanus Lesueur, 1818, P. bairdii Gill, 1883, P. concolor Wright, 1892, P. lampetra Pallas, 1814, P. maculosus Gronow, 1854, P. marinus dorsatus Wilder, 1883, P. marinus unicolor Gage, 1928, P. maximus Cuvier, 1816, P. nigricans Lesueur, 1818, P. ruber Lacepède, 1800

Morphological Description

Creaser and Hubbs, 1922

Molecular Sequences

> 193,000 results in GenBank

Association

Ectoparasite, inferred from resulting wounds and scars (Silva et al., 2014)

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Balaenoptera acutorostrata, B. borealis, B. physalus, Eubalaena glacialis, Grampus griseus, Megaptera novaeangliae, Mesoplodon bidens, Orcinus orca, Physeter macrocephalus, Tursiops truncatus, Ziphius cavirostris

Geographic Range

Atlantic coast of North America and Europe, including the central Mediterranean Sea (Holčík et al., 2004; Kottelat and Freyhof, 2007)

Life Cycle

This hematophagous species grows to adult size in 1 year; the complete metamorphosis and reproduction takes 1.5 years (Silva et al., 2013).

Microhabitat

Flanks of middle and posterior body areas (Bertulli et al., 2012; Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013)

Use as Indicator

In some cases, the individuals are still attached to the host when found, being easier to detect (Nichols and Hamilton, 2004; Nichols and Tscherter, 2011; Samarra et al., 2012; Miočić-Stošić et al., 2020). In others, however, only the remaining marks are visible. The applicability of these marks is still to be determined. Samarra et al. (2012) stated that they apparently disappear within 1 year, whereas Miočić-Stošić et al. (2020) claim that they are seemingly short-lived, thus not being suitable markings in photo-identification. In the past years, it has been more commonly found in Icelandic waters, and this change in distribution seems to be due to a gradual increase in water temperatures around Iceland (Astthorsson and Palsson, 2006).

Remarks

This species is often found on freshwater and marine fishes (Collette and Klein-MacPhee, 2002).

References

Japha, 1910; Collet, 1912; Nichols and Hamilton, 2004; Nichols and Tscherter, 2011; Rosso et al., 2011; Bertulli et al., 2012; Samarra et al., 2012; Ólafsdóttir and Shinn, 2013; Silva et al., 2014; Bertulli et al., 2016; Miočić-Stošić et al., 2020

Phylum Cnidaria Hatschek, 1888

Class Hydrozoa Owen, 1843

Subclass Hydroidolina Collins, 2000

Order Leptothecata Cornelius, 1992

Family Campanulariidae Johnston, 1836

Members of this family of thecate hydroids are ubiquitous in marine benthic communities. Given that the morphology of colonies and polips are highly variable within species, it is difficult to find diagnostic morphological characters to separate congeneric species (Cunha et al., 2015), which may hinder correct identification to species level.

Obelia dichotoma (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms

Multiple; see Schuchert (2021).

Morphological Description

Orejas et al., 2012

Molecular Sequences

COI (Govindarajan et al., 2006; Cunha et al., 2015; Cunha et al., 2017; GenBank MG791815; MW277711; MW277730; MZ580517; MZ580890), calmodulin (Govindarajan et al., 2006), LSU rRNA (Pruski and Miglietta, 2019; Penney and Rawlings, 2021; GenBank MG786561; MG786562), SSU rRNA (MG792325), 5.8S rRNA (Cunha et al., 2015), 16S rRNA (Bridge et al., 1995; Govindarajan et al., 2006; Cunha et al., 2015; Cunha et al., 2017; Rech et al., 2018), 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA (Bridge et al., 1995; Govindarajan et al., 2006; Cunha et al., 2015; Maronna et al., 2016; Cunha et al., 2017)

Association

Unknown, although a commensalist or even mutualistic association cannot be ruled out since newly released medusae of this species are bacteriophagous (Boero et al., 2007).

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Once reported on Megaptera novaeangliae

Geographic Range

Nearly cosmopolitan (Orejas et al., 2012)

Life Cycle

Kubota (1999) reported the complete life cycle of O. dichotoma in Northern Japan.

Microhabitat

As a hyperepibiont on the barnacle Coronula diadema (Cornwall, 1928)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

It can be found on hard substrata, such as floats, pilings, rocks, and shells (Orejas et al., 2012).

References

Cornwall, 1928

Obelia sp.

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Cornelius (1990) provides extensive descriptions of European Obelia spp.

Molecular Sequences

> 400 results in GenBank

Association

Unknown

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Once reported on Megaptera novaeangliae

Geographic Range

-

Life Cycle

See Cornelius (1990).

Microhabitat

As a hyperepibiont on Coronula spp. (Rice, 1963)

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

-

References

Rice, 1963

Phylum Nematoda Cobb, 1932

Class Chromadorea Inglis, 1983

Subclass Chromadoria Pearse, 1942

Order Monhysterida Filipjev, 1929

Family Monhysteridae de Man, 1876

This family is composed of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine forms. Some species are free-living in the sediment (e.g., Fonseca and Decraemer, 2008), bacterivorous on plants (Alkemade et al., 1992), associated to pack ice (Blome and Riemann, 1999) or living epibiotically on crustaceans in marine, limnetic, and terrestrial habitats (Lorenzen, 1986).

Odontobius ceti (Roussel de Vauzème, 1834)

Synonyms

-

Morphological Description

Roussel de Vauzème, 1834; Baylis, 1923; Lorenzen, 1986

Molecular Sequences

-

Association

Obligate commensal; it probably feeds primarily on organic particles from whales’ diet (Baylis, 1923).

Cetacean Hosts/Basibionts

Balaenoptera borealis, B. musculus, B. physalus, Eubalaena australis, Megaptera novaeangliae

Geographic Range

Atlantic, North Pacific, Antarctica

Life Cycle

Eggs are laid on the baleen plates but, since no larval stages have been found on cetaceans, further development may take place in the sea (Baylis, 1923).

Microhabitat

Baleen plates (Roussel de Vauzème, 1834; Baylis, 1923; Skrjabin, 1959; Rice, 1963; Lorenzen, 1986), in association with the ciliated protozoon Haematophagus megaptere Woodcock & Lodge, 1921 (Baylis, 1923).

Use as Indicator

-

Remarks

Considered a taxon inquirendum (WoRMS, 2021).

References

Roussel de Vauzème, 1834; Baylis, 1923; Skrjabin, 1959; Rice, 1963; Lorenzen, 1986

Other Taxa With Indicator Value

Some organisms have been reported on cetaceans but cannot be considered epibiotic animals (i.e., they belong to another kingdom or are not intimately associated to cetaceans). For instance, the cirolanid isopods Natatolana spp. or the hagfish Myxine glutinosa Linnaeus, 1758 are scavengers (Hale, 1926; Bowman, 1971; Pinedo et al., 1989; Martini, 1998; Keable, 2006; Zintzen et al., 2011) and records on living cetaceans are unusual (Pace et al., 2016). The following taxa, despite not being intimate associates or not belonging to the animal kingdom, can provide valuable information on cetacean biology.

At least 14 genera of diatoms (Chromista: Bacillariophyceae) have been recorded on over a dozen cetacean species (e.g., Hart, 1935; Matthews, 1938b; Hustedt, 1952; Nemoto, 1958; Nemoto et al., 1977; Heckman et al., 1987; Ferrario et al., 2018). Several species belonging to genera such as Bennettella Holmes, 1985, Epipellis Holmes, 1985, Epiphalaina Holmes, Nagasawa & Takano, 1993, Plumosigma Nemoto, 1956, and Tursiocola Holmes, Nagasawa & Takano, 1993 are believed to be exclusive to cetaceans. It has been proposed that these animal-specific diatoms settle on cetaceans in polar waters and take approximately one month to develop into a yellowish-brown film visible to the naked eye (Omura, 1950b). Therefore, it can be inferred that whales in polar areas that are covered by diatom films are at least one-month visitors, whereas those at lower latitudes and still showing skin colouration returned recently from polar regions (Hart, 1935; Matthews, 1938b; Omura, 1950b; Cockrill, 1960; Bannister, 1968; Sekiguchi et al., 1993). In South Africa, diatom films were detected more frequently as the Antarctic whaling season advanced (Cockrill, 1960) vs. at the beginning of the season (Best, 1969b). Diatom films have also been used to investigate population segregation, i.e., they were almost absent on sperm whale females and young males, which coincides with inferences of social segregation based in cyamid infections (see C. catodontis and N. physeteris; Best, 1969a; Best, 1969b).

The cookie-cutter shark Isistius brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) preys on multiple marine organisms, including finfish (Papastamatiou et al., 2010), elasmobranchs (Yamaguchi and Nakaya, 1997), pinnipeds (Gallo-Reynoso and Figueroa-Carranza, 1992; Hiruki et al., 1993), sirenians (Reddacliff, 1988), and cetaceans (Dwyer and Visser, 2011). About 25% of stomach content consists of marine mammal remains, i.e., tissue plugs, skin, blubber (Carlisle et al., 2021), thus being considered a cetacean (micro)predator (Barros and Stolen, 2001). It has been hypothesized that cookie-cutter sharks use an ambush style of hunting; when potential preys are close enough, they latch and remove large plugs of tissue (Widder, 1998). This feeding mode has been catalogued as ectoparasitic (Carlisle et al., 2021). Despite its widespread distribution (Dwyer and Visser, 2011), its common range lies within equatorial and tropical waters (Nakano and Tabuchi, 1990; Yamaguchi and Nakaya, 1997). Accordingly, marks of I. brasiliensis on cetaceans at higher latitudes have been used as a migration tag (Tomilin, 1957 -who refers to them as ‘light spots’; Renner and Bell 2009; Foote et al., 2011; Bertulli et al., 2016). Interestingly, this species has not been reported on the southern right whale, Eubalaena australis (Matthews, 1938a), which is found only further south than 13°S (Peters and Barendse, 2016). Also, due to the long duration of the marks it leaves on cetaceans, it has been suggested as a tool for individual recognition and marking (Dorsey et al., 1990; Visser, 1999; Gill et al., 2000; McSweeney et al., 2007; Visser et al., 2010; Rosso et al., 2011; Bertulli et al., 2016; Visser et al., 2020; Franklin et al., 2020). Other applications of this biological tag include distinguishing cetacean age classes (McSweeney et al., 2007), populations (Sherchenko, 1970; Best, 1977; Moore et al., 2003), and orca ecotypes (Dwyer and Visser, 2011; Visser et al., 2020); characterizing whale wintering grounds (Bushuev, 1990); and as an indicator of swimming in deep waters (Baird et al., 2006) and of emaciation (Gasparini and Sazima, 1996). Its congeneric member, the largetooth cookiecutter shark, Isistius plutodus Garrick & Springer, 1964, once observed on a Cuvier’s beaked whale, Ziphius cavirostris (Pérez-Zayas et al., 2002), has a poorly known distribution (Moore et al., 2003). It leaves larger flesh “plugs” different from the wounds produced by I. brasiliensis (Compagno, 1984). Scars of Isistius spp. can harbor high loads of cyamids (Kobayashi et al., 2021).

As a final anecdotal remark, Ohsumi (1973) found the broken spear of a marlin, Makaira sp., stuck in the jaw of an Antarctic minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis, which this author used to infer migration of this whale from tropical and sub-tropical waters, where marlins are distributed.

Discussion

Gaps and Biases

The present review includes records covering over three and a half centuries, a fact that attests to the curiosity that cetacean epibionts have sparked among naturalists, probably due to their often bizarre appearance and conspicuousness. As a result, a reasonable account of the associations between cetaceans and their metazoan epibionts has been achieved. However, important biases and gaps still remain. First of all, the vast majority of studies has not primarily focused on epibiosis and thus provides little quantitative information on these associations. For instance, less than a quarter (110 out of 493) of the publications in this review include data on prevalence. This ‘quantitative gap’ problem is worsened by the selective ‘picking’ of positive records, i.e., there is a tendency to report on the occurrence, but not on the absence, of epibionts in descriptive surveys on cetaceans. Consequently, it can be difficult to draw accurate pictures of the degree of specificity and, especially, geographic distribution of epizoic taxa. Another source of bias concerns epibiont size. Studies on large, visible barnacles such as Xenobalanus globicipitis are far more numerous than those focusing on minute creatures such as Balaenophilus unisetus (Badillo et al., 2007) or species of Cyamidae infecting dolphins (Fraija-Fernández et al., 2017). The genetic information available also varies among epibiotic taxa: 28 out of 54 species lack sequenced genetic material. Among these, some are poorly known species, but others have a long study history and numerous records (e.g., Odontobius ceti vs. Coronula reginae).

There is also an uneven coverage and research effort on cetaceans as basibionts, which can result in somewhat biased impressions on epibiont diversity among cetaceans. For instance, baleen whales as a group exhibit the greatest epibiont diversity most likely because they are large, slow-swimming hosts with a number of skin folds and callosities that provide suitable microhabitats for epibiont settlement (Berzin and Vlasova, 1982; see Fraija-Fernández et al., 2017). Moreover, the occurrence of certain epibionts on whales (e.g., coronulids) promotes the settlement and/or population growth of others (e.g., lepadids, cyamids), acting as pioneers (e.g., Matthews, 1937; Rice, 1963). However, mysticetes also are a well-studied cetacean group and, not surprinsingly, only the pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata (Gray, 1846), and Omura’s whale, Balaenoptera omurai Wada et al., 2003, described in 2003 (Wada et al., 2003), still lack records of epibiotic fauna. Conversely, odontocetes may exhibit relatively poor epizoic fauna because many of them (e.g., delphinids) are fast-swimming hosts with small, smooth surfaces. Moreover, there are riverine dolphins, i.e. species of Inia, Neophocaena, Orcaella, Platanista, and Sotalia that can seldom, if at all, be exposed to epibiotic taxa of marine origin. Research effort is also low for many odontocetes, and no studies are indeed available from species of Orcaella Gray, 1866, Platanista Wagler, 1830, and Tasmacetus Oliver, 1937. The overall point is, therefore, that epibiotic richness in the less studied cetaceans likely has an unassessed degree of underestimation.

The spatial distribution of data is also heterogeneous. First, records from oceanic waters are far less common than those from coastal areas. Second, most geographic records concentrate in the Southern Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, off South Africa, and California, followed by other Northern Pacific regions (Eastern waters and Japan) and the North Sea. However, other vast areas have few surveys, or even none, including the Arctic, Black Sea, Red Sea, Indian Ocean (except South African waters), and the Southwestern Pacific and adjacent seas (e.g., Sulu-Celebes Sea). In this context, it is worth noting that the higher number of records in particular regions does not necessarily result from higher epizoite diversity or abundance, but rather from higher sampling effort. Whaling was a fundamental source of data but focused mainly on areas and seasons where the target species occurred at higher densities, e.g., Antarctic whaling during the austral summer or Saldanha and Durban whaling stations in South Africa (see Findlay and Best, 2016; IWC, 2021). Also, the Mediterranean and U.S. stranding networks have been working for several decades (Becker et al., 1994), while other areas have recently started to gather data on cetaceans (e.g., the Western Indian Ocean region; Plön et al., 2020) or lack active stranding or research programs (i.e., eastern Russian Arctic).

Finally, we still know very little about biology of the epibiotic fauna of cetaceans; a problem which results, at least in part, from the difficulties of dealing with organisms that depend on marine hosts whose accessibility is often limited due to economical, logistic, and legal constraints for sampling. We call this the ‘association gap’; we often do not know basic aspects of many epibiont taxa, such as the complete life cycle or the actual nature of the interactions (commensal, parasitic or mutualistic).

The Nature of Epibiotic Associations and Their Indicator Potential

The origin of epibiotic associations of some animal groups with cetaceans is an exciting evolutionary issue since this epibiont fauna was acquired after the ancestors of these mammals colonized the sea (Aznar et al., 2001). Thus, there are instances of a simple use of cetaceans as additional substrata for facultative epibionts such as the Lepadidae (Newman and Abbott, 1980); host-switching events from prior obligate associations with other marine vertebrates, resulting in co-speciation, e.g., the Coronulidae (Frick et al., 2011; Hayashi et al., 2013; Buckeridge et al., 2019) and, perhaps, B. unisetus (Badillo et al., 2007); or putative colonization without speciation, e.g., in the case of Pennella balaenoptera (Fraija-Fernández et al., 2018). As far as we are aware, the Cyamidae could represent the only case of a potential primary adaptation to parasitism on cetaceans from a putative marine free-living ancestor (see Lowry and Myers, 2013). The nature of each type association brought about a variable degree of modifications in morphology, dependency of host/basibiont, and life history traits yet to be investigated in detail (see, e.g., Pugliese et al., 2012; Dreyer et al., 2020, for the case of X. globicipitis). These features define the potential of each epibiont as a tool to uncover aspects of cetaceans’ biology. In what follows, we condense the key biological data shown above for the main epibiotic groups, i.e., amphipods, cirripeds, and copepods; we also summarize their use as indicators. Other members of the epibiotic fauna of cetaceans are certainly interesting from ecological and evolutionary points of view, e.g., the roundworm Odontobius ceti or the whalesucker Remora australis. However, their usefulness as indicators are, in principle, more limited, and will not be further discussed here.

The level of host specificity varies greatly among whale lice species; some species have been reported only, or preferentially, on single cetacean species (e.g., Cyamus boopis, C. catodontis, C. ceti, C. eschrichtii, Neocyamus physeteris) or clades (e.g., Balaenocyamus balaenopterae, C. erraticus, C. gracilis), whereas others appear to be more generalist (e.g., Syncyamus aequus). The combination of bodily transmission and high specificity makes cyamids especially useful to shed light on phylogeography and social interactions of cetaceans (see references above). Moreover, cyamids can outlive their host for several days, thus providing a rough proxy of the time of death of cetaceans (Leung, 1976; Lehnert et al., 2007). However, when dealing with stranded cetaceans (a common scenario nowadays), these parasites can readily dislodge from hosts, which represents a potential drawback if quantitative infection data are to be used (Fraija-Fernández et al., 2017).

All epibiotic barnacles of cetaceans are filter-feeders whose life cycle includes a series of planktotrophic naupliar stages followed by a non-feeding cyprid, which permanently attaches to the basibiont (Darwin, 1851; Anderson, 1994; Høeg et al., 2003). Coronulids typical from whales tend to be selective and preferentially settle on single host species. For instance, Coronula diadema is associated to humpback whales (ca. 70% of records of C. diadema) and occurs on nearly all whales examined in surveys (Nishiwaki, 1959; Rice, 1963). In contrast, the basal representative of coronulids colonizing cetaceans, namely, Xenobalanus globicipitis, has been found on a total of 41 odontocete and mysticete species worldwide. The actual and potential indicator value of coronulids are thus defined by the commensal mode of feeding, the strict dependence on cetacean epidermis for attachment, and the variable degree of basibiont specificity. Species of this family have been used to unveil hydrodynamic features of cetaceans (Kasuya and Rice, 1970; Fish and Battle, 1995; Carrillo et al., 2015; Moreno-Colom et al., 2020) or systemic disease (Aznar et al., 1994; Aznar et al., 2005; Flach et al., 2021). However, their utility to inform on other aspects of cetacean biology, particularly movements and stock identification, are still far from full exploitation. For instance, Bushuev (1990) found significant differences of prevalence of X. globicipitis on Antartic minke whales from different Antarctic sectors, and interpreted them as evidence that whales used different wintering areas and did not mix in the Southern Ocean. However, this interpretation relies on the untested assumption that barnacle recruitment can only occur at low latitudes.

The second group of barnacles occurring on cetaceans, i.e., members of the Lepadidae, includes generalist dwellers on any type of hard substrata available in oceanic waters (e.g., Farrapeira et al., 2007; Wegner and Cartamil, 2012). Perhaps the most interesting species in this respect is Conchoderma auritum because, as noted above, it tends to be associated to cetaceans, either directly (on teeth) or indirectly (via the shell of coronulids, or the body of the mesoparasite P. balaenoptera). This raises the interesting question over the extent to which individuals of C. auritum recognize cetaceans as preferential substrata, and whether their populations depend on these basibionts for long-term stability. In any event, lepadids are fast-growing organisms that can be amenable for observational and experimental studies to determine their growth rate at different temperatures (Evans, 1958; Rasmussen, 1980; Dalley and Crisp, 1981; Eckert and Eckert, 1987; Inatsuchi et al., 2010). This makes them suitable as indicators of drifting time of their ‘living platforms’ (Fraser et al., 2011; Magni et al., 2015; López et al., 2017; Ten et al., 2019), and other aspects yet to be explored in cetaceans.

Two copepods have also developed intimate associations with cetaceans. Balaenophilus unisetus occurs on the baleen plates of four Balaenoptera spp. and is believed to feed on baleen’s keratin (or the associated microfilm) as an obligate commensal (Vervoort and Tranter, 1961; Ogawa et al., 1997; Fernandez-Leborans, 2001; Badillo et al., 2007). Interestingly, available evidence for the congeneric species B. manatorum suggests that direct contact is necessary for transmission of Balaenophilus spp. (Domènech et al., 2017). This feature has allowed to draw striking inferences on unexpected contacts between otherwise solitary juveniles of marine turtles (Domènech et al., 2017). However, the indicator value of B. unisetus seems much more limited because accessibility to whale samples is very restricted.

Females of the world-largest known copepod, Pennella balaenoptera, act as mesoparasite of at least 24 cetacean species, penetrating the blubber and musculature to feed on blood (Schmidt and Roberts, 2009; Hogans, 2017). Recent evidence has shown that there are not clear diagnostic morphological traits to differentiate this species from its congener P. filosa except for the use of different hosts (Abaunza et al., 2001; Hogans, 2017). Moreover, molecular data do not support segregation between specimens collected from cetaceans and the swordfish in the western Mediterranean (Fraija-Fernández et al., 2018). Pennella filosa parasitizes a broad spectrum of large marine fishes in the oceanic realm (Román-Reyes et al., 2019 and references herein). Apparently, then, the occurrence of P. balaenoptera (= filosa) in oceanic cetaceans could have resulted from and co-accommodation of the parasite on further hosts sharing the same habitat. However, this conclusion should be confirmed by analyzing more specimens of P. balaenoptera collected from other fish and cetaceans in other geographical regions. This is paramount because both P. balaenoptera and P. filosa exhibit low host specificity, contrary to other members of the family Pennellidae, which infect one or two hosts (Hogans, 2017). Thus, the possibility that cryptic speciation have occurred in P. balaenoptera (= filosa) cannot be ruled out. This taxonomic issue is also relevant to assess the usefulness of P. balaenoptera as an indicator species. So far, the species has been used as an indicator of host’s health status, i.e., heavy loads of this parasite could reflect poor health of the affected cetacean (Vecchione and Aznar, 2014). However, population inferences are more dependent on whether or not fishes should be included as part of the actual host community supporting the local population of P. balaenoptera (= filosa).

Concluding Remarks

Every epibiotic organism must first contact a potential basibiont, attach, and then successfully thrive on it (Crisp and Barnes, 1954; Crisp, 1955; Mullineaux and Butman, 1991). Accordingly, its presence on a vagile animal implies prior coincidence in time and space between both organisms and the suitability of the basibiont/host as a habitat. In addition, since epibionts essentially live in the ecotone between the basibiont/host surface and the marine environment, abiotic conditions (e.g., temperature, salinity) must also fit the auto-ecological requirements of the epibionts during all their life-span, regardless of the migratory activity of the basibiont/host (see Moreno-Colom et al., 2020, and references therein). All these features are the ones that potentially allow to draw inferences on hosts’ biology and ecology at individual, population, or community levels. However, the absence of epibionts is also informative, particularly at population level. For instance, investigating marine-mammal breeding and feeding grounds, and migratory routes, is especially important for conservation (Pompa et al., 2011), and can be elucidated, not only by the presence of selected epibionts, but also by their absence. We therefore encourage cetologists to report on both the presence or absence of epibionts whenever possible. Also, quantitative data (e.g., prevalence, mean number of individuals per host) would be most welcome.

Lastly, it is not an overstatement to claim that cetacean epibionts bear intrinsic value, thus should benefit from explicit consideration in conservation policies (see Whiteman and Parker, 2005; Aznar et al., 2011; Kwak et al., 2020). This becomes highly relevant for specific taxa associated to threatened cetaceans (e.g., whale lice), which are also on the verge of unnoticed extinction (see Buckeridge, 2012).

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Author Contributions

ST carried out literature search, wrote the initial version of the manuscript, and prepared the figures. FJA participated in developing the ideas and organizing and writing the manuscript, and JAR revised the text. All authors read manuscript drafts and contributed content to the developing paper. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Funding

The work of ST was partially supported by UV-INV-PREDOC19F1-1007742. This study is supported by project AICO/2021/022 granted by Conselleria d’Innovacioó, Universitats, Ciència i Societat Digital, Generalitat Valenciana, and the Biodiversity Foundation of the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge (VARACOMVAL project) (with NextGeneration EU funds).

Acknowledgments

Special gratitude is to Julio Cruz Vila for his assistance during literature search and to the Libraries and Documentation Service of the University of Valencia (UV) for provision of some papers that were not easily accessible.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.846558/full#supplementary-material

References

Abaunza P., Arroyo N. L., Preciado I. (2001). A Contribution to the Knowledge on the Morphometry and the Anatomical Characters of Pennella balaenopterae (Copepoda, Ciphonostomatoida, Pennellidae), With Special Reference to the Buccal Complex. Crustaceana 74 (2), 193–210. doi: 10.1163/156854001750096292

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Abollo E., López A., Gestal C., Benavente P., Pascual S. (1998). Macroparasites in Cetaceans Stranded on the Northwestern Spanish Atlantic Coast. Dis. Aquat. Org. 32 (3), 227–231. doi: 10.3354/dao032227

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Achituv Y. (1998). Cirral Activity in the Whale Barnacle Cryptolepas Rhachianechi. J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 78, 1203–1213. doi: 10.1017/S0025315400044428

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Addink M. J., Smeenk C. (2001). Opportunistic Feeding Behaviour of Rough-Toothed Dolphins Steno bredanensis Off Mauritania. Zool. Verh. 334, 37–48.

Google Scholar

Adriaens D., Baskin J. N., Coppens H. (2010). “Evolutionary Morphology of Trichomycterid Catfishes: About Hanging on and Digging in” in Origin and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Teleosts. Eds. Nelson J. S., Schultze H. P., Wilson M. V. (München: Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil), 337–362.

Google Scholar

Aguilar R., Ogburn M. B., Hines A. H. (2018). Chesapeake Bay Barcode Initiative: Invertebrates Fy17 (EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases).

Google Scholar

Aguilar A., Raga J. A. (1993). The Striped Dolphin Epizootic in the Mediterranean-Sea. AMBIO 22, 524–528.

Google Scholar

Agusti-Ridaura C., Hamre L. A., Espedal P. G., Øines Ø., Horsberg T. E., Kaur K. (2019). First Report on Sensitivity of Caligus elongatus Towards Anti-Louse Chemicals and Identification of Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase I Genotypes. Aquaculture 507, 190–195. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.04.022

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ali S. N., Ayub Z. (2021). Growth and Reproduction of Megabalanus tintinnabulum (Crustacea: Cirripedia) in Coastal Waters of Pakistan, North Arabian Sea. Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 43, 101662. doi: 10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101662

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Alkemade R., Wielemaker A., Hemminga M. A. (1992). Stimulation of Decomposition of Spartina Anglica Leaves by the Bacterivorous Marine Nematode Diplolaimelloides bruciei (Monhysteridae). J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 159 (2), 267–278. doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(92)90041-8

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Allen G. M. (1916). The Whalebone Whales of New England. Mem. Boston Soc Nat. Hist. 8 (2), 107–322. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.25585

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Allen G. M. (1941). Pygmy Sperm Whale in the Atlantic. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser. 27, 17–36.

Google Scholar

Alonso de Pina G. M., Giuffra R. (2003). Taxonomía, Distribución Y Notas Sobre Cuatro Especies De Ectoparásitos De Cetacea (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Cyamidae). Rev. del Museo Argentino Cienc. Naturales 5 (1), 39–62. doi: 10.22179/REVMACN.5.29

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Alonso L., Estrades A., Scarabino F., Calcagno J. (2010). Conchoderma Virgatum (Spengler 1970) (Cirripedia: Pedunculata) Associated With Sea Turtles in Uruguayan Shallow Coastal Waters. Pan-Am. J. Aquat. Sci. 5 (1), 166–168.

Google Scholar

Álvarez-Fernández E., Carriol R. P., Jordá J. F., Aura J. E., Avezuela B., Badal E., et al. (2013). Occurrence of Whale Barnacles in Nerja Cave (Málaga, Southern Spain): Indirect Evidence of Whale Consumption by Humans in the Upper Magdalenian. Quat. Int. 337, 163–169. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.01.014

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Alves-Motta M. R., Luz-Carvalho V., Nunes-Pinheiro D. C. S., Groch K. R., Gonçalves-Pereira L., Sánchez-Sarmiento A. M., et al. (2020). Facial Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Abdominal Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour With Rhabdomyoblastic Differentiation in a Rough-Toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis). J. Comp. Pathol. 176, 122–127. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.02.013

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Anderson D. T. (1994). Barnacles: Structure, Function, Development and Evolution (London: Chapman & Hall).

Google Scholar

Aneesh P. T., Valarmathi K., Mitra S. (2019). Redescription of Nerocila Recurvispina Schiödte and Meinert 1881:(Crustacea: Isopoda) From the Hooghly River, Kolkata, India. Mar. Biodivers. 49 (1), 301–313. doi: 10.1007/s12526-017-0799-8

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Angeletti S., Cervellini P. M., Massola V. (2014). Nuevo Registro De Ballena Jorobada (Megaptera novaeangliae) Para El Mar Argentino Y Notas Sobre Sus Epibiontes. Mastozoología Neotropical 21 (2), 319–324.

Google Scholar

Angot M. (1951). Rapport Scientifique Sur Les Expeditions Baleinieres Autour De Madagascar (Saisons 1949 Et 1950). Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar Sér. A 6 (2), 439–486.

Google Scholar

Annandale N. (1909). The Rate of Growth in Conchoderma and Lepas. Rec. India. Mus. 3, 295.

Google Scholar

Anthony R., Calvet J. (1905). Recherches Faites Sur Le Cétacé Capturé a Cètte, Le 6 Octobre 1904 – Balaenoptera Physalus (Linné). Bull. Soc Phil. 7(2), 75–85.

Google Scholar

April J., Mayden R. L., Hanner R. H., Bernatchez L. (2011). Genetic Calibration of Species Diversity Among North America's Freshwater Fishes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (26), 10602–10607. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1016437108

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Araki J., Kuramochi T., Machida M., Nagasawa K., Uchida A. (1997). A Note on the Parasite Fauna of the Western North Pacific Minke Whale (Balaenoptera Acutorostrata). Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 47, 565–567.

Google Scholar

Araújo-Wang C., Schormans E., Wang J. (2019). Ecological Interaction of a “Parasitic” Candiru Catfish and Botos (Inia Geoffrensis). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 35 (4), 1347–1354. doi: 10.1111/mms.12593

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Arroyo N. L., Abaunza P., Preciado I. (2002). The First Naupliar Stage of Pennella balaenopterae Koren and Danielssen 1877 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida, Pennellidae). Sarsia: North Atlantic Marine Sci. 87 (5), 333–337. doi: 10.1080/0036482021000155785

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Arvy L. (1977). La Peau, Les Phaneres Et Leurs Parasites Chez Les Cetaces. Vie Milieu 27, 137–190.

Google Scholar

Arvy L. (1982). Phoresis and Parasitism in Cetaceans: A Review. Invest. Cetacea. 14, 233–335.

Google Scholar

Ashton G. V., Davidson I. C., Geller J. B., Ruiz G. M. (2016). Disentangling the Biogeography of Ship Biofouling: Barnacles in the Northeast Pacific. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 25 (6), 739–750. doi: 10.1111/geb.12450

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Astthorsson O. S., Palsson J. (2006). New Fish Records and Records of Rare Southern Species in Icelandic Waters in the Warm Period 1996-2005. ICES Document CM 2006/C: 20, 22 pp.

Google Scholar

Aurivillius P. O. C. (1879). On a New Genus and Species of Harpacticida. Bihang K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl. 5 (18), 1–16.

Google Scholar

Avdeev V. V. (1989). Parasitic Amphipods of the Family Cyamidae and the Problem of Cetacea Origin. Biologija Morja 4, 27–33.

Google Scholar

Ávila I. C., Cuellar L. M., Cantera J. R. (2011). Crustacean Ectoparasites and Epibionts of Humpback Whales, Megaptera novaeangliae (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae), in the Colombian Pacific. Res. J. Costa Rican Dist. Educ. Univ. 2, 177–185.

Google Scholar

Azevedo A., Soares M. P., de Castro M. C. T., Lailson-Brito J. Jr., Gurgel M. I. (1996). Ocorrência De Epizoítos Em Cetáceos Na Costa do Estado do Rio De Janeiro, Brasil (Porto Alegre, Brasil: Resumos do XXI Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia), 254.

Google Scholar

Aznar F. J., Balbuena J. A., Fernández M., Raga J. A. (2001). “Living Together: The Parasites of Marine Mammals,” in Marine Mammals. Eds. Evans P. G. H., Raga J. A. (Boston, MA: Springer), 385–423. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0529-7_11

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Aznar F. J., Balbuena J. A., Raga J. A. (1994). Are Epizoites Biological Indicators of a Western Mediterranean Striped Dolphin Die-Off? Dis. Aquat. Org. 18, 159–163. doi: 10.3354/dao018159

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Aznar F. J., Fernández M., Balbuena J. A. (2011). “Why We Should Care About the Parasite Fauna of Cetaceans: A Plea for Integrative Studies,” in Whales and Dolphins: Behavior, Biology and Distribution. Ed. Murray C. A. (New York:Nova Publishers).

Google Scholar

Aznar F. J., Fernández M., Raga J. A., Balbuena J. A. (2016). Long-Term Population Trend of the Epibiont Barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis in the Western Mediterranean: Is There a Role for Viral Outbreaks in its Cetacean Hosts? [Poster]. Front. Mar. Sci. 3. doi: 10.3389/conf.fmars.2016.04.00086

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Aznar F. J., Perdiguero D., Del Olmo A. P., Repullés A., Agustí C., Raga J. A. (2005). Changes in Epizoic Crustacean Infestations During Cetacean Die-Offs: The Mass Mortality of Mediterranean Striped Dolphins Stenella Coeruleoalba Revisited. Dis. Aquat. Org. 67 (3), 239–247. doi: 10.3354/dao067239

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bachara W., Gullan A. (2016). First Stranding Record of a True’s Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon Mirus) in Mozambique, Report WB2016/1. [Unpubl. report to Cetal Fauna]

Google Scholar

Bachman B. A., Kraus R., Peterson C. T., Grubbs R. D., Peters E. C. (2018). Growth and Reproduction of Echeneis Naucrates From the Eastern Gulf of Mexico. J. Fish Biol. 93 (4), 755–758. doi: 10.1111/jfb.13790

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Badillo F. J., Puig L., Montero F. E., Raga J. A., Aznar F. J. (2007). Diet of Balaenophilus spp. (Copepoda: Harpacticoida): Feeding on Keratin at Sea? Mar. Biol. 151 (2), 751–758. doi: 10.1007/s00227-006-0521-z

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Baird R. W., Webster D. L., McSweeney D. J., Ligon A. D., Schorr G. S., Barlow J. (2006). Diving Behaviour of Cuvier’s (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville’s (Mesoplodon densirostris) Beaked Whales in Hawaii. Can. J. Zool. 84 (8), 1120–1128. doi: 10.1139/z06-095

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Baker A. N. (1983). Whales and Dolphins of Australia and New Zealand (Wellington: Victoria University Press).

Google Scholar

Balbuena J. A. (1991). Estudio Taxonómico Y Ecológico De La Parasitofauna Del Calderón Común, Globicephala melas (Traill 1809), En Las Aguas De Europa. [PhD Thesis] (Valencia, Spain: Universitat de València).

Google Scholar

Balbuena J. A., Aznar F. J., Fernández M., Raga J. A. (1995). Parasites as Indicators of Social Structure and Stock Identity of Marine Mammals. Dev. Mar. Biol. 4, 133–139). doi: 10.1016/S0163-6995(06)80017-X

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Balbuena J. A., Raga J. A. (1991). Ecology and Host Relationships of the Whale-Louse Isocyamus delphini (Amphipoda: Cyamidae) Parasitizing Long-Finned Pilot Whales (Globicephala melas) Off the Faroe Islands (Northeast Atlantic). Can. J. Zool. 69 (1), 141–145. doi: 10.1139/z91-021

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Balbuena J. A., Raga J. A., Fernández M., Ortiz T. (1989). “Ectoparasites and Epizoits of the Long-Finned Pilot Whale Globicephala melas Off the Faroe Islands, With Special Reference to Isocyamus delphinii (Amphipoda: Cyamidae),” in European Research on Cetaceans. Eds. Evans R. G. H., Smeenk C. (La Rochelle, France: Proceedings of the third annual conference of the European Cetacean Society), 115–117.

Google Scholar

Bane G. W., Zullo V. A. (1980). Observations on a Stranded Goosebeaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris, Cuvier 1823) and its Ectocommensal Barnacles (Xenobalanus globicipitis). J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc 96 (1), 1–3.

Google Scholar

Bannister J. L. (1968). An Aerial Survey for Sperm Whales Off the Coast of Western Australia 1963-1965. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 19, 31–51. doi: 10.1071/MF9680031

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bannister J. L., Grindley J. R. (1966). Notes on Balaenophilus Unisetus POC Aurivillius 1879, and its Occurrence in the Southern Hemisphere (Copepoda, Harpacticoida). Crustaceana 10 (3), 296–302. doi: 10.1163/156854066X00199

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Barnard K. H. (1924). Contribution to the Crustacean Fauna of South Africa. No. 7. Cirripedia. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 20, 1–103.

Google Scholar

Barnard K. H. (1931). Diagnoses of New Genera and Species of Amphipod Crustacea Collected During the 'Discovery' Investigations 1925-1927. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 7, 425–430. doi: 10.1080/00222933108673327

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Barnard K. H. (1932). Amphipoda: Cyamidae. Discovery Rep. 5, 1–326. doi: 10.5962/bhl.part.27664

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Barnard K. H. (1955). South African Parasitic Copepoda. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 41 (5), 223–312.

Google Scholar

Barros N. B., Stolen M. K. (2001). Biology of Offshore Bottlenose Dolphins From East Florida (Sarasota, FL: Mote Marine Laboratory).

Google Scholar

Batista R. L. G., Schiavetti A., Santos U. A. D., Reis M. D. S. S. D. (2012). Cetaceans Registered on the Coast of Ilhéus (Bahia), Northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica 12 (1), 31–38. doi: 10.1590/S1676-06032012000100003

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Battaglia P., Potoschi A., Valastro M., Andaloro F., Romeo T. (2016). Age, Growth, Biological and Ecological Aspects of Remora Osteochir (Echeneidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 96, 639–645. doi: 10.1017/S0025315415000867

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Baum C., Stelzer R., Meyer W., Fleischer L. G., and Siebers D.. (2000). A Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Skin Surface of the Pilot Whale Globicephala Melas. Aquat. Mamm. 26(1), 7–16.

Google Scholar

Baum C., Meyer W., Roessner D., Siebers D., Fleischer L. (2001). A Zymogel Enhances the Self-Cleaning Abilities of the Skin of the Pilot Whale (Globicephala melas). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 130 (4), 835–847. doi: 10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00445-7

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Baylis H. A. (1923). On Odontobius Ceti, Roussel De Vauzème, a Nematode Living on the Baleen of Whales. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 9 (12), 617–623. doi: 10.1080/00222932308632985

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Beach K. A. (2015). Mouthline Injuries as an Indicator of Fisheries Interactions in Hawaiian Odontocetes. [Ph.D. Thesis] (Chicago (IL: Evergreen State College).

Google Scholar

Beamish R. J. (1980). Adult Biology of the River Lamprey (Lampetra Ayresi) and the Pacific Lamprey (Lampetra Tridentata) From the Pacific Coast of Canada. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 37, 1906–1923. doi: 10.1139/f80-232

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bearzi M., Patonai K. (2010). Occurrence of the Barnacle (Xenobalanus globicipitis) on Coastal and Offshore Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) in Santa Monica Bay and Adjacent Areas, California. Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 109, 37–44. doi: 10.3160/0038-3872-109.2.37

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Becker P. R., Wilkinson D. M., Lillestolen T. I. (1994). “Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program: Program Development Plan,” in NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-94-2 (Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration).

Google Scholar

Bellido J. J., Castillo J. J., Farfán M. Á., Martín J. J., Mons J. L., Real R. (2006). Ejemplar enfermo de marsopa Phocoena phocoena. Galemys 18, 1–2.

Google Scholar

Beneden P. (1870). Les Cétacés, Leurs Commensaux Et Leurs Parasites. Bull. Acad. R. Belg. Cl. Sci. 29 (2), 347–368.

Google Scholar

Bennet F. D. (1837). On the Natural History of the Spermaceti Whale (Physeter Macrocephalus, Lac.). Proc. Zool. Soc Lond. 1, 39–42.

Google Scholar

Bennett F. D. (1840). Narrative of a Whaling Voyage Round the Globe, From the Year 1833 to 1836 Vol. 2 (London:Richard Bennet). doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.19771

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Benz G., Greiner E., Bowen S., Goetz L., Evou N. (2011). Odd Association and Range Extension of Caligus Rufimaculatus Wilson 1905; Caligidae, Siphonostomatoida, Copepoda. Gulf Caribb. Res. 23 (1), 49–53. doi: 10.18785/gcr.2301.05

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bergami E., Caroselli E., Vaccari L., Corsi I., Semenov A., Macali A. (2021). Pioneer Settlement of the Cold-Water Coral Desmophyllum Dianthus (Esper 1794) on Plastic. Coral Reefs 40, 1355–1360. doi: 10.1007/s00338-021-02131-9

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Berland B., Krakstad J.-O., Nöttestad L., Axelsen B. E., Vaz-Velho F., Bauleth- D’Almeida G. (2003). Xenobalanus globicipitis (Crustacea: Cirripedia) on Dusky Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus Obscurus) Off Namibia: Hitch-Hiker's Guide to the Seas. 15th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals (NC, U. S: Greensboro).

Google Scholar

Bermúdez-Villapol L. A., Sayegh A. J., Estevez M. A., Rangel M. S., Rosso C., Vera N. I. (2006). Notes on the Pygmy Killer Whale Feresa Attenuata Gray 1874 (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in Venezuela, Southeastern Caribbean. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 5(2), 135–139. doi: 10.5597/lajam00103

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bertulli C. G., Cecchetti A., Van Bressem M. F., Van Waerebeek K. (2012). Skin Disorders in Common Minke Whales and White-Beaked Dolphins Off Iceland, a Photographic Assessment. J. Mar. Anim. Ecol. 5, 29–40.

Google Scholar

Bertulli C. G., Rasmussen M. H., Rosso M. (2016). An Assessment of the Natural Marking Patterns Used for Photo-Identification of Common Minke Whales and White-Beaked Dolphins in Icelandic Waters. J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 96 (04), 807–819. doi: 10.1017/S0025315415000284

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Berzin A. A. (1972). The Sperm Whale (Jerusalem: Israel Program). Sci. Transl.

Google Scholar

Berzin A. A., Vlasova L. P. (1982). Fauna of the Cetacea Cyamidae (Amphipoda) of the World Ocean. Invest. Cet. 13, 149–164.

Google Scholar

Best P. B. (1969a). The Sperm Whale (Physeter Catodon) Off the West Coast of South Africa. 3. Reproduction in the Male. Investl. Rep. Div. Sea Fish. S. Afr. 78, 1–20.

Google Scholar

Best P. B. (1969b). The Sperm Whale (Physeter Catodon) Off the West Coast of South Africa. 4. Distribution and Movements. Investl. Rep. Div. Sea Fish. S. Afr. 78, 1–12.

Google Scholar

Best P. B. (1971). Stalked Barnacles Conchoderma auritum on an Elephant Seal: Occurrence of Elephant Seals on South African Coast. Afr. Zool. 6 (2), 181–185. doi: 10.1080/00445096.1971.11447410

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Best P. B. (1977). Two Allopatric Forms of Bryde’s Whale Off South Africa. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 1, 10–38.

Google Scholar

Best P. B. (1979). “Social Organization in Sperm Whales, Physeter Macrocephalus,” in Behavior of Marine Animals. Eds. Winn H. E., Olla B. L. (Boston, MA: Springer), 227–289. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2985-5_7

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Best P. B. (1982). Seasonal Abundance, Feeding, Reproduction, Age and Growth in Minke Whales Off Durban (With Incidental Observations From the Antarctic). Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 32, 759–786.

Google Scholar

Best P. B. (1991). The Presence of Coronuline Barnacles on a Southern Right Whale Eubalaena Australis. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 11 (1), 585–587. doi: 10.2989/025776191784287763

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Best P. B. (2007). Whales and Dolphins of the Southern African Subregion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Google Scholar

Best P. B., Meÿer M. A. (2010). “Neglected But Not Forgotten—Southern Africa’s Dusky Dolphins,” in The Dusky Dolphin. Eds. Würsig B., Würsig M. (San Diego: Academic Press), 291–311, ISBN: 9780123737236. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-373723-6.00014-X

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Betancur R. R., Broughton R. E., Wiley E. O., Carpenter K., Lopez J. A., Li C., et al. (2013). The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes. PloS Curr. 1, 1–45. doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bianucci G., Di Celma C., Landini W., Buckeridge J. (2006a). Palaeoecology and Taphonomy of an Extraordinary Whale Barnacle Accumulation From the Plio-Pleistocene of Ecuador. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 242 (3-4), 326–342. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.07.004

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bianucci G., Landini W., Buckeridge J. (2006b). Whale Barnacles and Neogene Cetacean Migration Routes. N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 49 (1), 115–120. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2006.9515152

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Birincioğlu S. S., Aypak S., Avcı H., Birincioğlu B., İpek E., Akkoç A. N. (2017). Pathological and Parasitological Investigations in an Adult Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus). Kafkas Univ Vet. Fak Derg 23 (6), 1011–1014. doi: 10.9775/kvfd.2017.18016

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Blome D., Riemann F. (1999). Antarctic Sea Ice Nematodes, With Description of Geomonhystera Glaciei Sp. Nov. (Monhysteridae). Mitt. Hamb. Zool. Mus. Inst. 96, 15–20.

Google Scholar

Blum S., Fong J. (2016). CAS Invertebrate Zoology (IZ). Version 14.2 (California Academy of Sciences). Available at: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/609385701 (Accessed October 6, 2021).

Google Scholar

Boero F., Bucci C., Colucci A. M. R., Gravili C., Stabili L. (2007). Obelia (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Campanulariidae): A Microphagous, Filter-Feeding Medusa. Mar. Ecol. 28, 178–183. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00164.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Boguski D. A., Reid S. B., Goodman D. H., Docker M. F. (2012). Genetic Diversity, Endemism and Phylogeny of Lampreys Within the Genus Lampetra Sensu Stricto (Petromyzontiformes: Petromyzontidae) in Western North America. J. Fish Biol. 81 (6), 1891–1914. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03417.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bordino P., González R. (1992). Presencia Del Parásito Phyllobothrium Sp. (Cestoda) Y Del Foronte Conchoderma auritum (Crestacea, Cirripedia) Sobre Mesoplodon Layardii (Cetacea, Ziphiidae) (Buenos Aires, Argentina: V Reunión de Trabajo de Especialistas en Mamíferos Acuáticos de América del Sur).

Google Scholar

Borradaile L. A. (1903). “Marine Crustaceans. VII. The Barnacles,” in The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, Being an Account of the Work Carried on and of Collections Made by an Expedition During Years 1899 and 1900. Ed. Gardiner J. S. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 440–443.

Google Scholar

Borradaile L. A. (1916). Crustacea. Part III. - Cirripedia. Br. Antarct. Terra Nova Exped. 1910. Zool. 3, 127–136.

Google Scholar

Bortolotto G. A., Kolesnikovas C. K. M., Freire A. S., Simões-Lopes P. C. (2016). Young Humpback Whale Megaptera Novaeangliae Feeding in Santa Catarina Coastal Waters, Southern Brazil, and a Ship Strike Report. Mar. Biodivers. Rec. 9 (1), 1–6. doi: 10.1186/s41200-016-0043-4

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bosselaers M., Collareta A. (2016). The Whale Barnacle Cryptolepas Rhachianecti (Cirripedia: Coronulidae), a Phoront of the Grey Whale Eschrichtius Robustus (Cetacea: Eschrichtiidae), From a Sandy Beach in The Netherlands. Zootaxa 4154 (3), 331–338. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4154.3.8

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bosselaers M., Van Nieulande F., Collareta A. (2017). A New Record of Cetopirus Complanatus (Cirripedia: Coronulidae), an Epibiont of Right Whales (Cetacea: Balaenidae: Eubalaena Spp.), From a Beach Deposit of Mediterranean Spain. Atti Soc Toscana Sci. Nat. 124, 43–48. doi: 10.2424/ASTSN.M.2017.17

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bouvier E. L. (1910). Quelques Arthropodes Recueillis Aux Iles Kerguelen. Bull. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat. 26 (2), 190–193.

Google Scholar

Bowman T. E. (1955). A New Genus and Species of Whale-Louse (Amphipoda: Cyamidae) From the False Killer Whale. Bull. Mar. Sci. 5, 315–320.

Google Scholar

Bowman T. E. (1958). First Pacific Record of the Whale-Louse Genus Syncyamus (Amphipoda: Cyamidae). Pac. Sci. 12, 181–182.

Google Scholar

Bowman T. E. (1971). Cirolana Narica N. Sp., a New Zealand Isopod (Crustacea) Found in the Nasal Tract of the Dolphin Cephalorhynchus Hectori. Beaufortia 19 (252), 107–112.

Google Scholar

Bradford A. L., Weller D. W., Lang A. R., Tsidulko G. A., Burdin A. M., Brownell R. L. Jr. (2011). Comparing Observations of Age at First Reproduction in Western Gray Whales to Estimates of Age at Sexual Maturity in Eastern Gray Whales Vol. 140 (Agadir: Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce).

Google Scholar

Brandt A. (1872). Bericht Über Die Cyamiden Des Zoologischen Museum Der Kaiserlichen Academie Der Wissenscheften Zu St. Petersbourg. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg 18, 113–134.

Google Scholar

Bridge D., Cunningham C. W., DeSalle R., Buss L. W. (1995). Class-Level Relationships in the Phylum Cnidaria: Molecular and Morphological Evidence. Mol. Biol. Evol. 12 (4), 679–689. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040246

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Briggs K. T., Morejohn G. V. (1972). Barnacle Orientation and Water Flow Characteristics in California Grey Whales. J. Zool. 167, 287–292. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb03112.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Broch H. (1924). Cirripedia Thoracica Von Norwegen Und Dem Norwegischen Nordmeere. Eine Systematische Und Biologisch-Tiergeographische Studie. Skr. Vidensk. Selsk. 17, 121 pp.

Google Scholar

Brotz L., Cheung W. W., Kleisner K., Pakhomov E., Pauly D. (2012). “Increasing Jellyfish Populations: Trends in Large Marine Ecosystems,” in Jellyfish Blooms. Eds. Pitt K. A., Lucas C. H. (Dordrecht: Springer), 3–20. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-5316-7_2

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Brownell R. L. (1975). Progress Report on the Biology of the Franciscana Dolphin in Uruguayan Waters. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32 (7), 1073–1078. doi: 10.1139/f75-127

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Brownell R. L. Jr., Findley L. T., Vidal O., Robles A., Silvia Manzanilla N. (1987). External Morphology and Pigmentation of the Vaquita, Phocoena Sinus (Cetacea: Mammalia). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 3 (1), 22–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1987.tb00149.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Brown S. K., Roughgarden J. (1985). Growth, Morphology, and Laboratory Culture of Larvae of Balanus Glandula (Cirripedia: Thoracica). J. Crust. Biol. 5 (4), 574–590. doi: 10.2307/1548236

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Brunnschweiler J., Sazima I. (2006). A New and Unexpected Host for the Sharksucker (Echeneis Naucrates) With a Brief Review of the Echeneid-Host Interactions. JMBA2-Biodivers. Rec., 1–3. doi: 10.1017/S1755267206004349

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Brusca R. C. (1978). Studies on the Cymothoid Fish Symbionts of the Eastern Pacific (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) I. Biology of Nerocila californica. Crustaceana 34 (2), 141–154. doi: 10.1163/156854078X00718

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bryden M. M. (1976). Observations on a Pygmy Killer Wale, Feresa Attenuata, Stranded on the East Coast of Australia. Wildl. Res. 3 (1), 21–28. doi: 10.1071/WR9760021

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Brzica H. (2004). Morphological and Morphometric Characteristics of the Ectoparasite Pennella balaenopterae (Copepoda, Siphonostomatida, Pennellidae) of Whales (Cetacea) From the Adriatic Sea. [Student Research Paper] (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Zagreb). [In Croatian].

Google Scholar

Buckeridge J. S. (2012). Opportunism and the Resilience of Barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) to Environmental Change. Integr. Zool. 7 (2), 137–146. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2012.00286.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Buckeridge J. S., Chan B. K. K., Lee S. W. (2018). Accumulations of Fossils of the Whale Barnacle Coronula Bifida Bronn 1831 (Thoracica: Coronulidae) Provides Evidence of a Late Pliocene Cetacean Migration Route Through the Straits of Taiwan. Zool. Stud. 57, e54. doi: 10.6620/ZS.2018.57-54

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Buckeridge J. S., Chan B. K. K., Lin J. P. (2019). Paleontological Studies of Whale Barnacles in Taiwan Reveal New Cetacean Migration Routes in the Western Pacific Since the Miocene. Zool. Stud. 58, e38. doi: 10.6620/ZS.2019.58-39

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bushuev S. G. (1990). A Study of the Population Structure of the Southern Minke Whale (Balaenoptera Acutorostrata Lacépède) Based on Morphological and Ecological Variability. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 40, 317–324.

Google Scholar

Buzeta R. (1963). Cyamidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) En Physeter Catodon L. Capturados En Chile Con Descripción De Una Nueva Especie, Cyamus Bahamondei. Rev. Biol. Mar. 3 (1-2), 126–137.

Google Scholar

Cadenat J. (1953). Les Rémoras Des Côtes Du Sénégal. Bull. Inst. Fr. Afr. Noire 15 (2), 672–683.

Google Scholar

Caldwell D. K., Caldwell M. C., Rathjen W. F., Sullivan J. R. (1971a). Cetaceans From the Lesser Antillean Island of St Vincent.. Fish. Bull. 69 (2), 303–312.

Google Scholar

Caldwell D. K., Neuhauser H., Caldwell M. C., Coolidge H. W. (1971b). Recent Records of Marine Mammals from the Coasts of Georgia and South Carolina. Cetology 5, 1–12.

Google Scholar

Calman W. T. (1920). A Whale-Barnacle of the Genus Xenobalanus From Antarctic Seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6, 165–166. doi: 10.1080/00222932008632427

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Campbell M. A., Chen W. J., Lopez J. A. (2013). Are Flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) Monophyletic? Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 69 (3), 664–673. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.011

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Carim K. J., Dysthe J. C., Young M. K., McKelvey K. S., Schwartz M. K. (2017). A Noninvasive Tool to Assess the Distribution of Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus Tridentatus) in the Columbia River Basin. PloS One 12 (1), e0169334. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169334

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Carlisle A. B., Allan E. A., Kim S. L., Meyer L., Port J., Scherrer S., et al. (2021). Integrating Multiple Chemical Tracers to Elucidate the Diet and Habitat of Cookiecutter Sharks. Sci. Rep. 11 (1), 1–16. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89903-z

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Carlucci R., Ricci P., Miccoli Sartori S., Cipriano G., Cosentino A., Lionetti A., et al. (2015). Changes in Behaviour and Group Size of Stenella Coeruleoalba in the Gulf of Taranto (Northern Ionian Sea, Central Mediterranean Sea). Biol. Mar. Mediterr. 22, 266–270.

Google Scholar

Carl G. C. (1945). Personal Communication. British Columbia Provincial Museum

Google Scholar

Carl G. C., Wilby G. V. (1945). Some Marine Fish Records for British Columbia. Can. Field Nat. 39 (1), 28–30. doi: 10.2307/1438189

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Carrillo J. M., Overstreet R. M., Raga J. A., Aznar F. J. (2015). Living on the Edge: Settlement Patterns by the Symbiotic Barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis on Small Cetaceans. PloS One 10 (6), e0127367. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127367

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Carvalho V. L., Bevilaqua C. M. L., Iñiguez A. M., Mathews-Cascond H., Bezerra Ribeiro F., Bezerra Pessoae L. M., et al. (2010). Metazoan Parasites of Cetaceans Off the Northeastern Coast of Brazil. Vet. Parasitol. 173, 116–122. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.023

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Casale P., D’Addario M., Freggi D., Argano R. (2012). Barnacles (Cirripedia, Thoracica) and Associated Epibionts From Sea Turtles in the Central Mediterranean. Crustaceana 85, 533–549. doi: 10.1163/156854012X634393

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Casale P., Freggi D., Basso R., Argano R. (2004). Epibiotic Barnacles and Crabs as Indicators of Caretta Caretta Distribution and Movements in the Mediterranean Sea. J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 84 (5), 1005–1006. doi: 10.1017/S0025315404010318h

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cerioni S., Mariniello L. (1996). Metazoi Parassiti Di Stenella Coeruleoalba (Cetacea: Delphinidae) Spiaggiata Lungo Le Coste Laziali Dal 1985 Al 1991. Parassitologia 38, 505–510.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Chan B., Corbari L., Rodríguez Moreno P., Tsang L. (2017). Molecular Phylogeny of the Lower Acorn Barnacle Families (Bathylasmatidae, Chionelasmatidae, Pachylasmatidae and Waikalasmatidae) (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) With Evidence for Revisions in Family Classification. Zool. J. Linn. Soc 180 (3), 542–555. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw005

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chapman G., Santler J. E. (1955). Aspects of the Fauna and Flora of the Azores. V. Crustacea. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 8, 371–376. doi: 10.1080/00222935508655652

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cheang C. C., Tsang L. M., Chu K. H., Cheng I. J., Chan B. K. K. (2013). Host-Specific Phenotypic Plasticity of the Turtle Barnacle Chelonibia testudinaria: A Widespread Generalist Rather than a Specialist. PLOS ONE 8(3): e57592. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057592

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chemnitz J. H. (1785). Neues Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet (Nürnberg: Raspe). doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.120065

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chemnitz J. H., Martini F. H. W. (1790). Systematiches Conchilien-Cabinet Von Martini Und Chemnitz (Nurnberg: Bauer and Raspe).

Google Scholar

Chen H. N., Hoeg J. T., Chan B. K. (2013). Morphometric and Molecular Identification of Individual Barnacle Cyprids From Wild Plankton: An Approach to Detecting Fouling and Invasive Barnacle Species. Biofouling 29 (2), 133–145. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2012.753061

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chernova O. F., Shpak O. V., Kiladze A. B., Rozhnov V. V. (2017). Epidermal Molting in the Bowhead Whale Balaena Mysticetus. Biol. Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. 44, 591–602. doi: 10.1134/S1062359017050065

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chevreux E. (1913a). Amphipodes. Deuxième Expédition Antarctique Française, (1908–1910) Commandée Par Le Dr. Jean Charcot. Sci. naturelles: Documents scientifiques, 79–186. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.6956

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Chevreux E. (1913b). Sur Quelques Intéressantes Espèces D'amphipodes Provenant Des Parages De Monaco Et Des Pêches Pélagiques De La Princesse-Alice Et De I'Hirondelle II En Méditerranée. Bull. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco 262, 1–26.

Google Scholar

Choi K. H., Kim C. H. (1994). Naupliar Development of Harpacticus Nipponicus Ito (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Harpacticidae) Reared in the Laboratory. Korean J. Syst. Zool. 10 (2), 217–229.

Google Scholar

Christensen I. (1985). First Record of Gooseneck Barnacles (Conchoderma auritum) on a Minke Whale (Balaenoptera Acutorostrata). ICES C.M. 1985/N:9ICES.

Google Scholar

Ciçek E., Oktener A., Capar O. B. (2007). First Report of Pennella balaenopterae Koren and Danielssen 1877 (Copepoda: Pennelidae) From Turkey. Turkiye Parazitol. Derg. 31 (3), 239–241.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Clapham P. J., Leimkuhler E., Gray B. A., Mattila D. K. (1995). Do Humpback Whales Exhibit Lateralized Behaviour? Anim. Behav. 50 (1), 73–82. doi: 10.1006/anbe.1995.0222

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Clarke R. (1956). Sperm Whales of the Azores. Discovery Rep. 28, 237–298.

Google Scholar

Clarke R. (1966). The Stalked Barnacle Conchoderma, Ectoparasitic on Whales. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende 55, 153–168.

Google Scholar

Clemens B. J., Weitkamp L., Siwicke K., Wade J., Harris J., Hess J., et al. (2019). Marine Biology of the Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus Tridentatus. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 29 (4), 767–788. doi: 10.1007/s11160-019-09578-8

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Clua E. E., Manire C. A., Garrigue C. (2014). Biological Data of Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa Attenuata) From a Mass Stranding in New Caledonia (South Pacific) Associated With Hurricane Jim in 2006. Aquat. Mamm. 40 (2), 162–172. doi: 10.1578/AM.40.2.2014.162

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cockrill W. R. (1960). Pathology of the Cetacea. A veterinary study on whales. Brit. Vet. J. 116, 1–28. doi: 10.1016/S0007-1935(17)44304-1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cocks A. H. (1885). Additional Notes on the Fin-Whale Fishery on the North European Coast. Zoologist 3 (9), 134–142.

Google Scholar

Collareta A., Bosselaers M., Bianucci G. (2016). Jumping From Turtles to Whales: A Pliocene Fossil Record Depicts an Ancient Dispersal of Chelonibia on Mysticetes. Riv. It. Paleont. Strat. 122 (2), 35–44. doi: 10.13130/2039-4942/7229

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Collareta A., Insacco G., Reitano A., Catanzariti R., Bosselaers M., Montes M., et al. (2018b). Fossil Whale Barnacles From the Lower Pleistocene of Sicily Shed Light on the Coeval Mediterranean Cetacean Fauna. Carnets Géologie 18 (2), 9–22. doi: 10.4267/2042/65747

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Collareta A., Regattieri E., Zanchetta G., Lambert O., Catanzariti R., Bosselaers M., et al. (2018a). New Insights on Ancient Cetacean Movement Patterns From Oxygenisotope Analyses of a Mediterranean Pleistocene Whale Barnacle. Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläontol. 288 (2), 143–159. doi: 10.1127/njgpa/2018/0729

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Collet R. (1912). Norges Pattedyr (Kristiania:H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard). doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.14929

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Collet R. (1986). On the External Characters of Rudolphi's Rorqual (Balaenoptera Borealis). Proc. Zool. Soc Lond. 17-18, 243–265.

Google Scholar

Collette B. B. (2003). “Family Echeneidae,” in The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Ed. Carpenter K. E. (Rome: FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and Amer. Soc. Ich. Herp. Spec. Publ), 1414–1419.

Google Scholar

Collette B. B., Curtis M., Williams J. T., Smith-Vaniz W. F., Pina Amargos F. (2015). “Echeneis naucrates” in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. e.T190393A76649216. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T190393A15603110.en

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Collette B. B., Klein-MacPhee G. (2002). Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press).

Google Scholar

Combes C. (2001). Parasitism: The Ecology and Evolution of Intimate Interactions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

Google Scholar

Compagno L. J. V. (1984). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fisheries Synopsis 125, 93–96.

Google Scholar

Conlan K. E. (1991). Precopulatory Mating Behaviour and Sexual Dimorphism in the Amphipod Crustacea. Hydrobiologia 223, 255–282. doi: 10.1007/BF00047644

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Conway D. V. P., Ellis C. J., Humpheryes I. G. (1990). Deep Distributions of Oceanic Cirripede Larvae in the Sargasso Sea and Surrounding North Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol. 105 (3), 419–428. doi: 10.1007/BF01316313

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cornaglia E., Rebora L., Gili C., Di Guardo G. (2000). Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Studies on Cetaceans Found Stranded on the Coast of Italy Between 1990 and 1997. J. Vet. Med. Ser. A 47 (3), 129–142. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2000.00268.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cornelius P. F. (1990). European Obelia (Cnidaria, Hydroida): Systematics and Identification. J. Nat. Hist. 24 (3), 535–578. doi: 10.1080/00222939000770381

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cornwall I. E. (1924). Notes on West American Whale Barnacles. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 13, 421–431.

Google Scholar

Cornwall I. E. (1927). Some North Pacific Whale Barnacles. Contrib. Can. Biol. Fish. 3 (23), 503–517. doi: 10.1139/f26-023

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cornwall I. E. (1928). Collecting at Cachalot Whaling Station. Can. Field-Nat. 42, 9–12.

Google Scholar

Cornwall I. E. (1955). The Barnacles of British Columbia. Br. Col. Prov. Mus. Dept. 7, 5–69.

Google Scholar

Cortés-Peña D. (2019) Orca at Chañaral De Aceituno, Freirina, Atacama Region, Chile. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/groups/CetalFauna/permalink/206670.2686783266 (Accessed May 20, 2021).

Google Scholar

Costa A. (1866). Descrizione Di Una Especie Di Cyamus Parassita De Delfini: C. Chelipes. Ann. Mus. Zool. Napoli 3, 82–83.

Google Scholar

Costello M. J. (2006). Ecology of Sea Lice Parasitic on Farmed and Wild Fish. Trends Parasitol. 22 (10), 475–483. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.08.006

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Creaser C. W., Hubbs C. L. (1922). A Revision of the Holarctic Lampreys Vol. 120 (University of Michigan Mus. Zool).

Google Scholar

Crespo-Picazo J. L., García-Parraga D., Domènech F., Tomás J., Aznar F. J., Ortega J., et al. (2017). Parasitic Outbreak of the Copepod Balaenophilus Manatorum in Neonate Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta Caretta) From a Head-Starting Program. BMC V. Res. 13 (1), 1–7. doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1074-8

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cressey R. F., Lachner E. A. (1970). The Parasitic Copepod Diet and Life History of Diskfishes (Echeneidae). Copeia, 310–318. doi: 10.2307/1441652

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Crisp D. J. (1955). The Behaviour of Barnacle Cyprids in Relation to Water Movement Over a Surface. J. Exp. Biol. 32, 569–590. doi: 10.1242/jeb.32.3.569

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Crisp D. J., Barnes H. (1954). The Orientation and Distribution of Barnacles at Settlement With Particular Reference to Surface Contour. J. Anim. Ecol. 23 (1), 142. doi: 10.2307/1664

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Crozier W. J. (1916). On a Barnacle, Conchoderma Virgatum, Attached to a Fish, Diodon Hystrix. Am. Nat. 50 (598), 636–640. doi: 10.1086/279573

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cunha A. F., Collins A. G., Marques A. C. (2017). Phylogenetic Relationships of Proboscoida Broch 1910 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): Are Traditional Morphological Diagnostic Characters Relevant for the Delimitation of Lineages at the Species, Genus, and Family Levels? Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 106, 118–135. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.012

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Cunha A. F., Genzano G. N., Marques A. C. (2015). Reassessment of Morphological Diagnostic Characters and Species Boundaries Requires Taxonomical Changes for the Genus Orthopyxis L. Agassiz 1862 (Campanulariidae, Hydrozoa) and Some Related Campanulariids. PloS One 10 (2), e0117553. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117553

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dailey M. D., Brownell J. R.L. (1972). “A Checklist of Marine Mammal Parasites,” in Mammals of the Sea: Biology and Medicine. Ed. Ridgway S. H. (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas), 528–589.

Google Scholar

Dailey M. D., Gulland F. M., Lowenstine L. J., Silvagni P., Howard D. (2000). Prey, Parasites and Pathology Associated With the Mortality of a Juvenile Gray Whale (Eschrichtius Robustus) Stranded Along the Northern California Coast. Dis. Aquat. Org. 42 (2), 111–117. doi: 10.3354/dao042111

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dailey M. D., Haulena M., Lawrence J. (2002). First Report of a Parasitic Copepod (Pennella balaenopterae) Infestation in a Pinniped. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 33 (1), 62–65. doi: 10.1638/1042-7260(2002)033[0062:FROAPC]2.0.CO;2

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dailey M., Stroud R. (1978). Parasites and Associated Pathology Observed in Cetaceans Stranded Along the Oregon Coast. J. Wildl. Dis. 14, 503–511. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-14.4.503

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dailey M. D., Vogelbein W. (1991). Parasite Fauna of 3 Species of Antarctic Whales With Reference to Their Use as Potential Stock Indicators. Fish. Bull. 89 (3), 355–365.

Google Scholar

Dailey M. D., Walker W. A. (1978). Parasitism as a Factor (?) in Single Strandings of Southern California Cetaceans. J. Parasitol. 64 (4), 593–596. doi: 10.2307/3279939

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dall W. H. (1872). On the Parasites of the Cetaceans of the N.W. Coast of America, With Descriptions of New Forms. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4, 299–301. doi: 10.1080/00222937308696808

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dalla Rosa L., Secchi E. R. (1997). Stranding of a Blue Whale (Balaenoptera Musculus) in Southern Brazil: ‘True’or Pygmy. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 47, 425–430.

Google Scholar

Dalley R., Crisp D. J. (1981). Conchoderma: A Fouling Hazard to Ships Underway. Mar. Biol. Lett. 2 (3), 141–152.

Google Scholar

Danilewicz D., Rosas F., Bastida R., Marigo J., Muelbert M., Rodriguez D., et al. (2002). Report of the Working Group on Biology and Ecology. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 1, 25–42. doi: 10.5597/lajam00005

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Danyer E., Tonay A. M., Aytemiz I., Dede A., Yildirim F., Gurel A. (2014). First Report of Infestation by a Parasitic Copepod (Pennella balaenopterae) in a Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena Phocoena) From the Aegean Sea: A Case Report. Veterinarni Medicina 59 (8), 403. doi: 10.17221/7661-VETMED

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Darwin C. (1851). A Monograph on the Subclass Cirripedia. Vol. 1. The Lepadidae (London: The Ray Society).

Google Scholar

Darwin C. (1854). A Monograph on the Sub-Class Cirripedia, Vol. 2. The Balaenidae. (London: The Ray Society).

Google Scholar

Davis W. M. (1874). Nimrod of the Sea; or, the American Whaleman (New York: Harper & Brothers). doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.18173

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Debrot A. O. (1992). Notes on a Gervais’beaked Whale, Mesoplodon Europaeus, and a Dwarf Sperm Whale, Kogia Simus, Stranded in Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 8 (2), 172–178. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00379.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Delaney M. A., Ford J. K. B., Tang K., Gaydos J. K. (2016). Mesoparasitic Popepod (Pennella balaenopterae) Infestation of a Stranded Offshore Orca (Orcinus Orca) in Southeast Alaska: Review of Significance as a Health Indicator in Cetaceans. Int. Assoc. Aquat. Anim. Med. 21-26 May. [Poster]

Google Scholar

Denkinger J., Alarcon D. (2017). Orcas of the Galápagos Islands 21-26 May. [Poster] (CETACEA Project).

Google Scholar

de Pinna M. C. C. (1998). “Phylogenetic Relationships of Neotropical Siluriformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi): Historical Overview and Synthesis of Hypotheses,” in Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Eds. Malabarba L. R., Reis R. E., Vari R. P., Lucena Z. M., Lucena C. A. S. (Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS), 279–330.

Google Scholar

de Pinna M. C. C., Wosiacki W. B. (2003). “Family Trichomycteridae (Pencil or Parasitic Catfishes),” in Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Eds. Reis R. E., Kullander S. O., Ferraris C. J. (Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS), EDIPUCRS), 270–290.

Google Scholar

Devaraj M., Sam Bennett P. (1974). Occurrence of Xenobalanus globicipitis (Steenstrup) on the Finless Black Porpoise, Neomeris Phocoenoides in Indian Seas. India. J. Fish. 21, 579–581.

Google Scholar

Díaz-Aguirre F., Salinas C., Navarrete S., Castillo V., Castilla C. (2012). First Record of the Commensal Barnacle (Xenobalanus globicipitis) on Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) in Chile. Aquat. Mamm. 38 (1), 76–80. doi: 10.1578/AM.38.1.2012.76

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Díaz-Gamboa R. E. (2015). Varamiento De Orcas Pigmeas (Feresa Attenuata Gray 1874) En Yucatán: Reporte De Caso. Bioagrociencias 8 (1), 36–43.

Google Scholar

Di Beneditto A. P. M., Ramos R. M. A. (2000). Records of the Barnacla Xenobalanus globicipitis (Steenstrup 1851) on Small Cetaceans of Brazil. Biotemas 13 (2), 159–165.

Google Scholar

Di Beneditto A. P. M., Ramos R. M. A. (2001). Biology and Conservation of the Franciscana (Pontoporia Blainvillei) in the North of Rio De Janeiro State, Brazil. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 3 (2), 185–192. doi: 10.5007/%x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Di Beneditto A. P. M., Ramos R. M. A. (2004). Biology of the Marine Tucuxi Dolphin (Sotalia Fluviatilis) in South-Eastern Brazil. J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 84 (6), 1245–1250. doi: 10.1017/S0025315404010744h

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dixon J. M. (1980). A Recent Stranding of the Strap-Toothed Whale, Mesoplodon Layardi (Gray) (Ziphiidae) From Victoria, and a Review of Australian Records of the Species. Vict. Nat. 97, 34–41.

Google Scholar

Docker M. F., Haas G. R., Goodman D. H., Reid S. B., Heath D. D. (2007). PCR-RFLP Markers Detect 29 Mitochondrial Haplotypes in Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus Tridentatus). Mol. Ecol. Notes 7, 350–353. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01605.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Docker M. F., Youson J. H., Beamish R. J., Devlin R. H. (1999). Phylogeny of the Lamprey Genus Lampetra Inferred From Mitochondrial Cytochrome B and ND3 Gene Sequences. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56, 2340–2349. doi: 10.1139/f99-171

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dollfus R. (1968). Xenobalanus globicipitis Steenstrup (Cirripedia, Thoracica): Collected on Tursiops Truncatus (Montagu) Near the Northern Coast of Morocco. Bull. Inst. Pêches Marit. Maroc. 16, 55–59. [In French].

Google Scholar

Domènech F., Badillo F. J., Tomás J., Raga J. A., Aznar F. J. (2015). Epibiont Communities of Loggerhead Marine Turtles (Caretta Caretta) in the Western Mediterranean: Influence of Geographic and Ecological Factors. J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 95 (4), 851–861. doi: 10.1017/S0025315414001520

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Domènech F., Tomás J., Crespo-Picazo J. L., García-Párraga D., Raga J. A., Aznar F. J. (2017). To Swim or Not to Swim: Potential Transmission of Balaenophilus Manatorum (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) in Marine Turtles. PloS One 12 (1), e0170789. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170789

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dominici S., Bartalini M., Benvenuti M., Balestra B. (2011). Large Kings with Small Crowns: A Mediterranean Pleistocene Whale Barnacle. Bull. Soc Paleontol. Ital. 50 (2), 95–101. doi: 10.4435/BSPI.2011.10

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Donnelly D., McInnes J. D., Morrice M., Andrews C. (2018). Killer Whales of Eastern Australia. Victoria: Killer Whales Australia.

Google Scholar

Dorsey E. M., Stern J. S., Hoelzel A. R., Jacobsen J. (1990). Minke Whales (Balaenoptera Acutorostrata) From the West Coast of North America: Individual Recognition and Small-Scale Site Fidelity. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 12, 357–368.

Google Scholar

Dreyer N., Zardus J. D., Høeg J. T., Olesen J., Yu M. C., Chan B. K. (2020). How Whale and Dolphin Barnacles Attach to Their Hosts and the Paradox of Remarkably Versatile Attachment Structures in Cypris Larvae. Org. Divers. Evol. 20 (2), 233–249. doi: 10.1007/s13127-020-00434-3

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Duignan P. J., Geraci J. R., Raga J. A., Calzada N. (1992). Pathology of Morbillivirus Infection in Striped Dolphins (Stenella Coeruleoalba) From Valencia and Murcia, Spain. Can. J. Vet. Res. 56, 242–248.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Dulčić J., Dragičević B., Despalatović M., Cvitković I., Bojanić-Varezić D., Štifanić M. (2015). Lepadid Barnacles Found Attached to a Living Lobotes Surinamensis (Pisces). Crustaceana 88 (6), 727–731. doi: 10.1163/15685403-00003435

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dwyer S. L., Visser I. N. (2011). Cookie Cutter Shark (Isistius Sp.) Bites on Cetaceans, With Particular Reference to Killer Whales (Orca) (Orcinus Orca). Aquat. Mamm. 37 (2), 111–138. doi: 10.1578/AM.37.2.2011.111

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Eckert K. L., Eckert S. A. (1987). Growth Rate and Reproductive Condition of the Barnacle Conchoderma Virgatum on Gravid Leatherback Sea Turtles in Caribbean Waters. J. Crust. Biol. 7 (4), 682–690. doi: 10.2307/1548651

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ellis C. J., Billett D. S. M., Angel M. V. (1983). The Distribution of Oceanic Cirripedes in the North-East Atlantic in Summer 1983 and the Connotations of the Results to the Problems of Conchoderma Fouling. Inst. Oceanogr. Sci. 193.

Google Scholar

Elorriaga-Verplancken F. R., Tobar-Hurtado S., Medina-López M. A., de la Cruz D. B., Urbán J. R. (2015). Potential Morphological Contributions to a Live Stranding: Abnormal Snout and Conchoderma Auritum Infestation in a Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus). Aquat. Mamm. 41 (2), 198. doi: 10.1578/AM.41.2.2015.198

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Endo N., Sato K., Matsumura K., Yoshimura E., Odaka Y., Nogata Y. (2010). Species-Specific Detection and Quantification of Common Barnacle Larvae From the Japanese Coast Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Biofouling 26 (8), 901–911. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2010.531389

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Engel M. (1994). Encalhe De Um Cachalote, Physeter Macrocephalus, Provocado Por Emalhamento Em Rede De Pesca No Litoral Da Bahia, Brasil. Florianópolis: Anais da VI Reunião de Trabalhos de Especialistas em Mamíferos Aquáticos da América do Sul. 24–28.

Google Scholar

Eschmeyer W. N., Fricke R. N., van der Laan R. (2017). Catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. Available at: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.

Google Scholar

Esteves J. M., Acosta R., Bermúdez L., Lira C., Figueredo A. (2020). Epibiosis Por Balaenophilus Unisetus (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) En Rorcual Común, Balaenoptera Physalus (Mysticeti: Balaenopteridae), Varado En Isla De Margarita, Venezuela. MAFIS - Marine Fishery Sci. 33 (2), 265–276. doi: 10.47193/mafis.3322020301108

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Evans F. (1958). Growth and Maturity of the Barnacles Lepas Hillii and Lepas Anatifera. Nature 182, 1245–1246. doi: 10.1038/1821245b0

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fabian H. (1950). “Bohr” Höhlen an Pottwalzähnen. Zool. Anz. Ergänzungsband zu Band 145, 147–162.

Google Scholar

Faria M. A., DeWeerdt J., Pace F., Mayer F. X. (2013). Observation of a Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Birth in the Coastal Waters of Sainte Marie Island, Madagascar. Aquat. Mamm. 39 (3), 296. doi: 10.1578/AM.39.3.2013.296

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Farrapeira C. M. R., Melo A. V. D. O. M. D., Barbosa D. F., Silva K. M. E. D. (2007). Ship Hull Fouling in the Port of Recife, Pernambuco. Braz. J. Oceanogr. 55 (3), 207–221. doi: 10.1590/S1679-87592007000300005

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Félix F., Bearson B., Falconí J. (2006). Epizoic Barnacles Removed From the Skin of a Humpback Whale After a Period of Intense Surface Activity. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 22 (4), 979–984. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00058.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fernandez-Leborans G. (2001). A Review of the Species of Protozoan Epibionts on Crustaceans. III. Chonotrich Ciliates. Crustaceana 74 (6), 581–607. doi: 10.1163/156854001300228852

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ferrario M. E., Cefarelli A. O., Fazio A., Bordino P., Romero O. E. (2018). Bennettella Ceticola (Nelson Ex Bennett) Holmes on the Skin of Franciscana Dolphin (Pontoporia Blainvillei) of the Argentinean Sea: An Emendation of the Generic Description. Diatom Res. 33 (4), 485–497. doi: 10.1080/0269249X.2019.1572651

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fertl D. (1994). Occurrence Patterns and Behavior of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) in the Galveston Ship Channel, Texas. Texas J. Sci. 46, 299–317.

Google Scholar

Fertl D., Acevedo-Gutiérrez A., Darby F. L. (1996). A Report of Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) Feeding on a a Carcharhinid Shark in Costa Rica. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 12 (4), 606–611. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1996.tb00075.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fertl D., Landry A. M. Jr (1999a). First Report of a Sharksucker (Echeneis Naucrates) on a Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus), and a Re-Evaluation of Remora-Cetacean Associations. Eur. Res. Cetaceans 12, 88–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00849.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fertl D., Landry A. M. Jr (1999b). Sharksucker (Echeneis Naucrates) on a Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus) and a Review of Other Cetacean-Remora Associations. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 15, 859–863. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00849.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fertl D., Landry A. M. Jr., Barros N. B. (2002). Sharksucker (Echeneis Naucrates) on a Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus) From Sarasota Bay, Florida, With Comments on Remora-Cetacean Associations in the Gulf of Mexico. Copeia 20 (2), 151–152. doi: 10.18785/goms.2002.07

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Findlay K. P., Best P. B. (2016). Distribution and Seasonal Abundance of Large Cetaceans in the Durban Whaling Grounds Off KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 1972–1975. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 38 (2), 249–262. doi: 10.2989/1814232X.2016.1191042

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Findley L. T., Vidal O. (2002). Gray Whale (Eschrichtius Robustus) at Calving Sites in the Gulf of California, México. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 4 (1), 27–40.

Google Scholar

Fine M. L. (1970). Faunal Variation on Pelagic Sargassum. Mar. Biol. 7 (2), 112–122. doi: 10.1007/BF00354914

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fischer P. (1884). Cirrhipèdes De L’archipel De La Nouvelle-Calédonie. Bull. Soc Zool. France 9, 355–360.

Google Scholar

Fish F. E., Battle J. M. (1995). Hydrodynamic Design of the Humpback Whale Flipper. J. Morph. 225 (1), 51–60. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1052250105

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fish F. E., Nicastro A. J., Weihs D. (2006). Dynamics of the Aerial Maneuvers of Spinner Dolphins. J. Exp. Bio. 209 (4), 590–598. doi: 10.1242/jeb.02034

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Flach L., Van Bressem M. F., Pitombo F., Aznar F. J. (2021). Emergence of the Epibiotic Barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis in Guiana Dolphins After a Morbillivirus Outbreak in Sepetiba Bay, Brazil. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 263, 107632. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107632

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Flammang B. E., Marras S., Anderson E. J., Lehmkuhl O., Mukherjee A., Cade D. E., et al. (2020). Remoras Pick Where They Stick on Blue Whales. J. Exp. Bio. 223 (20), jeb226654. doi: 10.1242/jeb.226654

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Follet W. I., Dempster L. J. (1960). First Records of the Echeneidid Fish Remilegia Australis (Bennett) From California, With Meristic Data. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 31, 169–184. doi: 10.2307/1440203

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fonseca G., Decraemer W. (2008). State of the Art of the Free-Living Marine Monhysteridae (Nematoda). J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 88 (7), 1371–1390. doi: 10.1017/S0025315408001719

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Foote A. D., Vilstrup J. T., de Stephanis R., Verborgh P., Able Nielsen S. C., Deaville R., et al. (2011). Genetic Differentiation Among North Atlantic Killer Whale Populations. Mol. Ecol. 20, 629–641. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04957.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fordyce R. E., Mattlin R. H., Wilson G. J. (1979). Stranding of a Cuvier's Beaked Whale, Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier 1823, at New Brighton, New Zealand. Mäuri orä 7, 73–82.

Google Scholar

Foskolos I., Provata M. T., Frantzis A. (2017). First Record of Conchoderma auritum (Cirripedia: Lepadidae) on Ziphius cavirostris (Cetacea: Ziphiidae) in Greece. In Ann. Ser. Hist. Nat. 27, 29–34. doi: 10.19233/ASHN.2017.04

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Foster B. A., Willan R. C. (1979). Foreign Barnacles Transported to New Zealand on an Oil Platform. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 13 (1), 143–149. doi: 10.1080/00288330.1979.9515788

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fraija-Fernández N., Fernández M., Gozalbes P., Revuelta O., Raga J. A., Aznar F. J. (2017). Living in a Harsh Habitat: Epidemiology of the Whale Louse, Syncyamus Aequus (Cyamidae), Infecting Striped Dolphins in the Western Mediterranean. J. Zool. 303 (3), 199–206. doi: 10.1111/jzo.12482

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fraija-Fernández N., Hernández-Hortelano A., Ahuir-Baraja A. E., Raga J. A., Aznar F. J. (2018). Taxonomic Status and Epidemiology of the Mesoparasitic Copepod Pennella Balaenoptera in Cetaceans From the Western Mediterranean. Dis. Aquat. Org. 128 (3), 249–258. doi: 10.3354/dao03226

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Franklin T., Franklin W., Brooks L., Harrison P., Burns D., Holmberg J., et al. (2020). Photo-Identification of Individual Southern Hemisphere Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) Using All Available Natural Marks: Managing the Potential for Misidentification. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 21 (1), 71–83. doi: 10.47536/jcrm.v21i1.186

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fransen C. H. J. M., Smeenk C. (1991). Whale-Lice (Amphipoda: Cyamidae) Recorded From The Netherlands. Zool. Med. 65, 393–405.

Google Scholar

Frantzis A. (2018). A Long and Deep Step in Range Expansion of an Alien Marine Mammal in the Mediterranean: First Record of the Indian Ocean Humpback Dolphin Sousa Plumbea (G. Cuvier 1829) in the Greek Seas. BioInvasions Rec. 7 (1), 83–87. doi: 10.3391/bir.2018.7.1.13

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fraser C. I., Nikula R., Waters J. M. (2011). Oceanic Rafting by a Coastal Community. Proc. R. Soc B Biol. Sci. 278, 649–655. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1117

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Frazier J., Margaritoulis D. (1990). The Occurrence of the Barnacle, Chelonibia Patula (Ranzani 1818), on an Inanimate Substratum (Cirripedia, Thoracica). Crustaceana 59, 213–218. doi: 10.1163/156854090X00688

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Freeman M. A., Ogawa H. (2010). Variation in the Small Subunit Ribosomal DNA Confirms That Udonella (Monogenea: Udonellidae) is a Species-Rich Group. Int. J. Parasitol. 40, 244–264. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.08.006

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Frick M. G., Pfaller J. B. (2013). “Sea Turtle Epibiosis,” in The Biology of Sea Turtles. Eds. Wyneken J., Lohmann K. J., Musick J. A. (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press), 399–426.

Google Scholar

Frick M. G., Zardus J. D., Ross A., Senko J., Montano-Valdez D., Bucio-Pacheco M., et al. (2011). Novel Records and Observations of the Barnacle Stephanolepas Muricata (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha: Coronuloidea); Including a Case for Chemical Mediation in Turtle and Whale Barnacles. J. Nat. Hist. 45 (11-12), 629–640. doi: 10.1080/00222933.2010.534563

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gagnon J., Torgersen J. (2020) Canadian Museum of Nature Crustacea Collection. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1804299388 (Accessed June 20, 2021).

Google Scholar

Gallo-Reynoso J. P., Figueroa-Carranza A. L. (1992). A Cookiecutter Shark Wound on a Guadalupe Fur Seal Male. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 8 (4), 428–430. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00060.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gambell R. (1964). A Pygmy Blue Whale at Durban. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tid. 53 (3​), 66–68.

Google Scholar

García-Godos I. (1992). Captura Estacional De Cetáceos Menores En La Caleta De Ancón (Lima: Memoria X Congreso Nacional de Biología).

Google Scholar

Gasparini J. L., Sazima I. (1996). A Stranded Melonheaded Whale, Peponocephala Electra, in Southeastern Brazil, With Comments on Wounds From the Cookiecutter Shark, Isistius Brasiliensis. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 12, 308–312. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1996.tb00582.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gauthier H. (1938). Observations Sur Un Cetacé Du Genre Ziphius Mort Au Large D'alger. Bull. Stn. Aquic. Pêche Castiglione 1, 181–204.

Google Scholar

Geraci J. R., St. Aubin D. J. (1987). Effects of Parasites on Marine Mammals. Int. J. Parasitol. 17 (2), 407–414. doi: 10.1016/0020-7519(87)90116-0

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gibson D. I., Harris E. A., Bray R. A., Jepson P. D., Kuiken T., Baker J. R., et al. (1998). A Survey of the Helminth Parasites of Cetaceans Stranded on the Coast of England and Wales During the Period 1990-1994. J. Zool. 244 (4), 563–574. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00061.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gill A., Fairbairns B., Fairbairns R. (2000). Photo-Identification of the Minke Whale (Balaenoptera Acutorostrata) Around the Isle of Mull, Scotland. Report to the Hebridean Whale and Dolphin Trust 88 pp.

Google Scholar

Gittings S. R., Dennis G. D., Harry H. W. (1986). Annotated Guide to the Barnacles of the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Biol. Oceanogr. 402, 1–36.

Google Scholar

Gomerčić H., Gomerčić M. D., Gomerčić T., Lucić H., Dalebout M., Galov A., et al. (2006). Biological Aspects of Cuvier’s Beaked Whales (Ziphius cavirostris) Recorded in the Croatian Part of the Adriatic Sea. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 52, 182–187. doi: 10.1007/s10344-006-0032-8

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gomes T., Quiazon K., Kotake M., Fujise Y., Ohizumi H., Itoh N., et al. (2021). Anisakis Spp. In Toothed and Baleen Whales From Japanese Waters With Notes on Their Potential Role as Biological Tags. Parasitol. Int. 80, 102228. doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102228

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gómez-Hernández I., Serrano A., Becerril-Gómez C., Basañez-Muñoz A., Naval-Ávila C. (2020). Prevalencia Y Abundancia Relativa De Balanos Xenobalanus globicipitis Presentes En Poblaciones De Delfín Nariz De Botella Tursiops Truncatus En El Golfo De México Sur. Rev. Biol. Mar. Oceanogr. 55 (2), 172–176. doi: 10.22370/rbmo.2020.55.2.2503

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

González J. A., Martín L., Herrera R., González-Lorenzo G., Espino F., Barquín-Diez J., et al. (2012). Cirripedia of the Canary Islands: Distribution and Ecological Notes. J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 92 (1), 129–141. doi: 10.1017/S002531541100066X

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gosse P. H. (1855). Notes on Some New or Little-Known Marine Animals. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 16 (91), 27–36. doi: 10.1080/037454809495473

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gould E. A., Higgs S. (2008). Impact of Climate Change and Other Factors on Emerging Arbovirus Diseases. Trans. R. Soc Trop. Med. Hyg. 103 (2), 109–121. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.07.025

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Govindarajan A. F., Boero F., Halanych K. M. (2006). Phylogenetic Analysis With Multiple Markers Indicates Repeated Loss of the Adult Medusa Stage in Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 38 (3), 820–834. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.012

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gray K. N., McDowell J. R., Collette B. B., Graves J. E. (2009). A Molecular Phylogeny of the Remoras and Their Relatives. Bull. Mar. Sci. 84 (2), 183–197.

Google Scholar

Greenwood A. G., Taylor D. C., Gauckler A. (1979). Odontocete Parasites-Some New Host Records. Aquat. Mamm. 7, 23–25.

Google Scholar

Groch K. R., Diaz-Delgado J., Marcondes M. C., Colosio A. C., Santos-Neto E. B., Carvalho V. L., et al. (2018). Pathology and Causes of Death in Stranded Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) From Brazil. PloS One 13 (5), e0194872. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194872

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Groch K., Jerdy H., Marcondes M., Barbosa L., Ramos H., Pavanelli L., et al. (2020). Cetacean Morbillivirus Infection in a Killer Whale (Orcinus Orca) From Brazil. J. Comp. Pathol. 181, 26–32. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.09.012

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gruvel J. A. (1903). Revision Des Cirrhipedes Appartenant a La Collection Du Musee D'histoire Naturelle. Nouv. Arch. Des. Musees Ser. 45, 95–170.

Google Scholar

Gruvel J. A. (1905). Monographie Des Cirrhipèdes Ou Thécostracés (Paris: Masson et cie).

Google Scholar

Gruvel J. A. (1911). Expédition Antarctique Française Du Pourquoi-Pas Dirigée Par M. Le Dr. J.-B. Charcot, (1908-1910). Liste de Cirrhipèdes. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 5, 292.

Google Scholar

Gruvel J. A. (1912). Mission Gruvel Sur La Côte Occidentale D’afrique, (1909–1910) Et Collection Du Museum D’histoire Naturelle. Les Cirripedes Vol. 18 (Paris: Bulletin du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle), 344–350.

Google Scholar

Gruvel J. A. (1920). “Cirrhipedes Provenant Des Campagnes Scientifiques De S.A.S. Le Prince De Monaco, (1885– 1913),” in Résultas Des Campagnes Scientifiques Accomplies Sur Son Yacht Par Albert Ler (Monaco: Prince Souverain de Monaco), 1–88.

Google Scholar

Guerrero-Ruiz M., Urbán J. R. (2000). First Report of Remoras on Two Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Aquat. Mamm. 26 (2), 148–150.

Google Scholar

Guiler E. R. (1956). Supplement to a List of the Crustacea of Tasmania. Records Queen Victoria Museum 5, 1–8.

Google Scholar

Høeg J. T., Lagersson N. C., Glenner H. (2003). “The Complete Cypris Larva and its Significance in Thecostracan Phylogeny,” in Evolutionary and Developmental Biology of Crustacea. Ed. Scholtz G. (Lisse, Abingdon, Exton (PA), Tokyo: A. A. Balkema Publishers), 197–215.

Google Scholar

Haelters J. (2001). De Walvisluis Isocyamus delphinii (Guerin-Meneville 1837) Aangetroffen Op Een Witsnuitdolfijn Lagenorhynchus Albirostris (Gray 1846) En Massaal Parasiterend Op Een Bruinvis Phocoena Phocoena (L. 1758). Strandvlo 21 (3), 107–112.

Google Scholar

Hai-yan Y., Xin-zheng L. (2002). A New Species of the Genus Nerocila (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) From the East China Sea. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 20 (3), 266–269. doi: 10.1007/BF02848857

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hale H. M. (1926). Review of Australian Isopods of Cymothoid Group, Part 1. Trans. R. Soc South Aust. 49, 128–185.

Google Scholar

Hallas S. (1868). Optegnelser Om Nogle Paa Et Hvalfangst-Tog I Havet Omkring Island Iagttagne Hvaler. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 1, 150–177.

Google Scholar

Hamilton J. E. (1914). Report of the Committee Appointed to Investigate Biological Problems Incidental to Belmullet Whaling Station. Br. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 125–161.

Google Scholar

Hamre L. A., Eichner C., Caipang C. M. A., Dalvin S. T., Bron J. E., Nilsen F., et al. (2013). The Salmon Louse Lepeophtheirus Salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) Life Cycle Has Only Two Chalimus Stages. PloS One 8 (9), e73539. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073539

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Haney T. A. (1999). Phylogenetic Analysis of the Whale-Lice (Amphipoda: Cyamidae). [Master’s Thesis] (South Carolina: University of Charleston).

Google Scholar

Haney T. A., De Almeida A. O., Reis M. S. S. (2004). A New Species of Cyamid (Crustacea: Amphipoda) From a Stranded Cetacean in Southern Bahia, Brazil. Bull. Mar. Sci. 75 (3), 409–421.

Google Scholar

Harper D. E. (1995). Fouling of towed seismic streamers off central Africa by the lepadomorph barnacle Conchoderma virgatum. Crustaceana 68(6), 779–781. doi: 10.1163/156854095x00287

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Harper D. E. Jr.. Fouling of Towed Seismic Streamers Off Central Africa by the Lepadomorph Barnacle Conchoderma Virgatum. Crustaceana (2001) 68, 779–781.

Google Scholar

Hart T. J. (1935). On the Diatoms of the Skin Film of Whales, and Their Possible Bearing on Problems of Whale Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Google Scholar

Hastings R. W. (1972). The Barnacle, Conchoderma Virgatum (Spengler), in Association With the Isopod, Nerocila Acuminata Schioedte & Meinert, and the Orange Filefish, Alutera Schoepfi (Walbaum). Crustaceana 22 (3), 274–278. doi: 10.1163/156854072X00552

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hayashi R. (2012). Atlas of the Barnacles on Marine Vertebrates in Japanese Waters Including Taxonomic Review of Superfamily Coronuloidea (Cirripedia: Thoracica). J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 92, 107–127. doi: 10.1017/S0025315411000737

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hayashi R., Chan B., Simon-Blecher N., Watanabe H., Guy-Haim T., Yonezawa T., et al. (2013). Phylogenetic Position and Evolutionary History of the Turtle and Whale Barnacles (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha: Coronuloidea). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 67 (1), 9–14. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.12.018

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Heckmann R. A., Jensen L. A., Warnock R. G., Coleman B. (1987). Parasites of the Bowhead Whale, Balaena Mysticetus. Great Basin Nat. 47 (3), 355–372.

Google Scholar

Heldt J. H. (1950). Note Au Sujet De Xenobalanus globicipitis Steenstrup Sur Balaenoptera Borealis Lesson En Méditerranée. Bull. la Société d’Histoire Naturelle Tunisie 3, 25–28.

Google Scholar

Hemmingsen W., MacKenzie K., Sagerup K., Remen M., Bloch-Hansen K., Dagbjartarson Imsland A. K. (2020). Caligus elongatus and Other Sea Lice of the Genus Caligus as Parasites of Farmed Salmonids: A Review. Aquaculture 522, 735160. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735160

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hermosilla C., Silva L. M., Prieto R., Kleinertz S., Taubert A., Silva M. A. (2015). Endo-And Ectoparasites of Large Whales (Cetartiodactyla: Balaenopteridae, Physeteridae): Overcoming Difficulties in Obtaining Appropriate Samples by non-and Minimally-Invasive Methods. Int. J. Parasitol.: Parasites Wildl. 4 (3), 414–420. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.11.002

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Herr H., Burkhardt-Holm P., Heyer K., Siebert U., Selling J. (2020). Injuries, Malformations, and Epidermal Conditions in Cetaceans of the Strait of Gibraltar. Aquat. Mamm. 46 (2), 215–235. doi: 10.1578/AM.46.2.2020.215

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hess J. E., Smith J. J., Timoshevskaya N., Baker C., Caudill C. C., Graves D., et al. (2020). Genomic Islands of Divergence Infer a Phenotypic Landscape in Pacific Lamprey. Mol. Ecol. 29 (20), 3841–3856. doi: 10.1111/mec.15605

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Heyning J. E., Dahlheim M. E. (1988). Orcinus Orca. Mamma. Species 304, 1–9. doi: 10.2307/3504225

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hicks G. F. R. (1985). “Meiofauna Associated With Rocky Shore Algae” in The Ecology of Rocky Coasts. Eds. Moore P. G., Seed R. (London: Hodder and Stoughton), 36–56.

Google Scholar

Hinojosa I., Boltana S., Lancellotti D., Macaya E., Ugalde P., Valdivia N., et al. (2006). Geographic Distribution and Description of Four Pelagic Barnacles Along the South East Pacific Coast of Chile-A Zoogeographical Approximation. Rev. Chil. Hist. Natural 79 (1), 13–27. doi: 10.4067/S0716-078X2006000100002

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hinton M. A. C. (1925). Reports on Papers Left by the Late Major G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton Relating to the Whales of South Georgia (London: Crown Agents for the Colonies).

Google Scholar

Hiro F. (1935). The Fauna of Akkeshi Bay. II. Cirripedia. J. Faculty Sci. Hokkaido University. 4, 213–229.

Google Scholar

Hiro F. (1938). Cyamus Elongatus N. Sp., a New Whale-Lice From Japan. Annot. Zool. Jap. 17 (1), 71–77.

Google Scholar

Hiruki L. M., Gilmartin W. G., Becker B. L., Stirling I. (1993). Wounding in Hawaiian Monk Seals (Monachus Schauinslandi). Can. J. Zool. 71 (3), 458–468. doi: 10.1139/z93-066

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hoek P. P. C. (1883). Report on the Cirripedia Collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873–1876. Report of the Scientific Results From the Exploratory Voyages of H.M.S. Challenger Zoology 8, 1–169. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.12873

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hogans W. E. (1987). Morphological Variation in Pennella Balaenoptera and P. Filosa (Copepoda: Pennellidae) With a Review of the Genus Pennella Oken 1816 Parasitic on Cetacea. Bull. Mar. Sci. 40 (3), 442–453.

Google Scholar

Hogans W. E. (2017). Review of Pennella Oken 1816 (Copepoda: Pennellidae) With a Description of Pennella Benzi Sp. Nov., a Parasite of Escolar, Lepidocybium Flavobrunneum (Pisces) in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4244 (1), 1–38. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.1

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Holcík J., Delic A., Kucinic M., Bukvic V., Vater M.. Distribution and Morphology of the Sea Lamprey from the Balkan Coast of the Adriatic Sea. J. Fish Biol. (2004) 64(2), 514–527.

Google Scholar

Holmes M., Franco J. M. F. (2010). Goose Barnacle Conchoderma auritum (L.) Attached to Tooth of Stranded Sowerby’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon Bidens Sowerby. Ir. Nat.' J. 31 (2), 136.

Google Scholar

Holthuis L. B., Fransen C. H. (2004). Interesting Records of Whale Epizoic Crustaceans From the Dutch North Sea Coast (Cirripedia, Amphipoda). Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 21, 11–16.

Google Scholar

Holthuis L. B., Smeenk C., Laarman F. J. (1998). The Find of a Whale Barnacle, Cetopirus Complanatus (Mörch 1853), in 10th Century Deposits in the Netherlands. Zool. Verh. 323 (27), 349–363.

Google Scholar

Hopla C., Durden L., Keirans J. (1994). Ectoparasites and Classification. Rev. Sci. Tech. 13, 985–1034. doi: 10.20506/rst.13.4.815

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Horn M. H., Teal J. M., Backus R. H. (1970). Petroleum Lumps on the Surface of the Sea. Science 168, 245–246. doi: 10.1126/science.168.3928.245

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Huang Z., Liu W., Zheng C., LI C., Wang J., Jefferson T. A. (2000). Finless Porpoises in Southern Coastal Waters of Fujian, China. Acta Oceanologica Sin. 22, 114–119. [In Chinese, English summary].

Google Scholar

Humes A. G. (1964). Harpacticus Pulex, a New Species of Copepod From the Skin of a Porpoise and a Manatee in Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. 14 (4), 517–528.

Google Scholar

Hurley D. E. (1952). Studies on the New Zealand Amphipodan Fauna. I. The Family Cyamidae: The Whale-Louse Paracyamus Boopis. Trans. R. Soc N. Z. Zool. 80, 63–68.

Google Scholar

Hurley D. E., Mohr J. L. (1957). On Whale-Lice (Amphipoda: Cyamidae) From the California Gray Whale E. Glaucus. Parasitology 43 (3), 352–357. doi: 10.2307/3274363

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hustedt F. (1952). Diatomeen Aus Der Lebensgemeinschaft Der Buckelwals (Megaptera Nodosa Bonn.). Archiv für Hydrobiologie 46 (2), 286–298.

Google Scholar

Huys R., Llewellyn-Hughes J., Olson P. D., Nagasawa K. (2006). Small Subunit rDNA and Bayesian Inference Reveal Pectenophilus Ornatus (Copepoda Incertae Sedis) as Highly Transformed Mytilicolidae, and Support Assignment of Chondracanthidae and Xarifiidae to Lichomolgoidea (Cyclopoida). Biol. J. Linn. Soc Lond. 87 (3), 403–425. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00579.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ichihara T. (1966). “The Pigmy Blue Whale, Balaenoptera Musculus Brevicauda, a New Subspecies From the Antarctic” in Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises. Ed. Norris K. S. (Berkeley and LA: University of California Press), 79–113. doi: 10.1525/9780520321373-008

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ichihara T. (1981). “Review of Pygmy Blue Whale Stock in the Antarctic”. Mammals Seas (FAO) 3, 211–218.

Google Scholar

IJsseldijk L. L., Van Neer A., Deaville R., Begeman L., van de Bildt M., van den Brand J. M., et al. (2018). Beached Bachelors: An Extensive Study on the Largest Recorded Sperm Whale Physeter Macrocephalus Mortality Event in the North Sea. PloS One 13 (8), e0201221. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201221

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Il'in I. I., Kuznetsova L. A., Starostin I. V. (1978). Oceanic Fouling in the Equatorial Atlantic. Oceanology 18, 597–599.

Google Scholar

Inatsuchi A., Yamato S., Yusa Y. (2010). Effects of Temperature and Food Availability on Growth and Reproduction in the Neustonic Pedunculate Barnacle. Lepas anserifera. Mar. Biol. 157, 899–905. doi: 10.1007/s00227-009-1373-0

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

iNaturalist users, iNaturalist (2021) Inaturalist Research-Grade Observations (iNaturalist.org). Available at: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1880668572 (Accessed May 20, 2021).

Google Scholar

Insacco G., Buscaino G., Buffa G., Cavallaro M., Crisafi E., Grasso R., et al. (2014). Il Patrimonio Delle Raccolte Cetologiche Museali Della Sicilia. Museologia Scientifica Memorie 12, 391–405. [In Italian].

Google Scholar

International Whaling Comission, IWC (2021) Total Catches (International Whaling Comission). Available at: https://iwc.int/total-catches (Accessed May 3, 2021).

Google Scholar

Ishi S. (1915). A Cyamid Obtained in the Province Awa Vol. 27 (Tokio: Dobutsugaku Zasshi), 157–159. [In Japanese].

Google Scholar

Itô T. (1976). Descriptions and Records of Marine Harpacticoid Copepods From Hokkaido. J. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ. 20 (3), 448–567.

Google Scholar

Ito A., Aoki M., Yahata K., Wada H. (2011). Complicated Evolution of the Caprellid (Crustacea: Malacostraca: Peracarida: Amphipoda) Body Plan, Reacquisition or Multiple Losses of the Thoracic Limbs and Pleons. Dev. Genes Evol. 221 (3), 133–140. doi: 10.1007/s00427-011-0365-5

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ivashin M. V. (1965). Obrastaniya I Ektoparasity U Gorbatykh KitovV kn.Morskie mlekopitayuschie.. 80–86.

Google Scholar

Ivashin M. V. (1965). Vneshnie parazity malykh polosatikov Antarktiki [External parasites on lesser rorquals in the Antarctic]. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 125–127. [In Russian].

Google Scholar

Ivashin M. V., Golubovsky Y. P. (1978). On the Cause of Appereance of White Scars on the Body of Whales. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 28, 199.

Google Scholar

Iwasa M. (1934). Two Species of Whale-Lice (Amphipoda, Cyamidae) Parasitic on a Right Whale. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Imperial Univ. Ser. 6 Zool. 3, 33–40.

Google Scholar

Iwasa-Arai T., Carvalho V. L., Serejo C. S. (2017b). Updates on Cyamidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda): Redescriptions of Cyamus Monodontis Lütken 1870 and Cyamus Nodosus Lütken 1861, a New Species of Isocyamus, and New Host Records for Syncyamus Ilheusensis Haney, De Almeida and Reis 2004. J. Nat. Hist. 51 (37-38), 2225–2245. doi: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1365965

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Iwasa-Arai T., da Silva Santana F., Barbosa C. B., Werneck M. R. (2021). One Crawled Over the Dolphin's Back: Unusual Record of the Whale Louse Cyamus Boopis (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Cyamidae) on the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus). Zoologischer Anzeiger 295, 117–119. doi: 10.1016/j.jcz.2021.10.002

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Iwasa-Arai T., Santarosa Freire A., Castaldo Colosio A., Serejo C. S. (2016). Ontogenetic Development and Redescription of the Whale Louse Cyamus Boopis Lütken 1870 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Cyamidae), Ectoparasite of Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae (Mammalia: Cetacea: Balaenopteridae). Mar. Biodiv. 47 (3), 929–939. doi: 10.1007/s12526-016-0532-z

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Iwasa-Arai T., Serejo C. S. (2018). Phylogenetic Analysis of the Family Cyamidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda): A Review Based on Morphological Characters. Zool. J. Linn. Soc 184 (1), 66–94. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx101

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Iwasa-Arai T., Serejo C. S., Siciliano S., Ott P. H., Freire A. S., Elwen S., et al. (2018). The Host-Specific Whale Louse (Cyamus Boopis) as a Potential Tool for Interpreting Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Migratory Routes. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 505, 45–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2018.05.001

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Iwasa-Arai T., Siciliano S., Serejo C., Rodríguez-Rey G. (2017a). Life History Told by a Whale-Louse: A Possible Interaction of a Southern Right Whale Eubalaena Australis Calf With Humpback Whales Megaptera novaeangliae. Helgoland Marine Res. 71 (1). doi: 10.1186/s10152-017-0486-y

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Japha A. (1910). Weitere Beitrage Zur Kenntnis Der Walhaut. Zool. Jahrbuch Suppl. 12, 711–718.

Google Scholar

Jauniaux T., Petitjean D., Brenez C., Borrens M., Brosens L., Haelters J., et al. (2002). Post-Mortem Findings and Causes of Death of Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena Phocoena) Stranded From 1990 to 2000 Along the Coastlines of Belgium and Northern France. J. Comp. Path. 126 (4), 243–253. doi: 10.1053/jcpa.2001.0547

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Jefferson T. A., Odell D. K., Prunier K. T. (1995). Notes on the Biology of the Clymene Dolphin (Stenella Clymene) in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 11 (4), 564–573. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1995.tb00679.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Jerde C. W. (1967). On the Distribution of Portunus (Achelous) Affinis and Euphylax Dovii (Decapoda Brachyura, Portunidae) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Crustaceana 13, 11–22. doi: 10.1163/156854067X00026

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Jiménez I. C. A., Reina L. M. C., Kintz J. R. C. (2011). Crustáceos Ectoparásitos Y Epibiontes De Ballenas Jorobadas, Megaptera novaeangliae (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae) En El Pacífico Colombiano Vol. 3 (San José:Cuadernos de Investigación UNED), 177–185. doi: 10.22458/urj.v3i2.146

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Johnson N. S., Buchinger T. J., Kintz J. R. C. (2015). “Reproductive ecology of lampreys” in Lampreys: Biology, Conservation, and Control, ed. Docker M. F. (New York: Springer), 265–303

Google Scholar

Jones D. S. (2010). “The Littoral and Shallow-Water Barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia) of South-Eastern Queensland,” in Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Marine Biological Workshop, The Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay, Queensland, vol. 54 . Eds. Davie P. J. F., Phillips J. A. (Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. Nature), 199–233.

Google Scholar

Joon S. S., Young C. C. (1993). Eight Harpactiocoid Species of Harpacticidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) From Korea. Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. 9 (2), 203–220.

Google Scholar

Joseph B. E., Cornell L. H., Osborn K. G. (1986). Occurrence of Ectoparasitic Barnacles on Northern Elephant Seals (Mirounga Angustirostris). J. Mammal. 67 (4), 772–772. doi: 10.2307/1381148

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kabata Z. (1974). Mouth and Mode of Feeding of Caligidae (Copepoda), Parasites of Fishes, as Determined by Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31, 1583–1588. doi: 10.1139/f74-199

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kabata Z. (1979). Parasitic Copepoda of British Fishes (London: The Ray Society).

Google Scholar

Kakuwa Z., Kawakami T., Iguchi K. (1953). Biological Investigation on the Whales Caught by the Japanese Antarctic Whaling Fleets in the 1951-52 Season. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 8, 147–213.

Google Scholar

Kaliszewska Z. A., Seger J. O. N., Rowntree V. J., Barco S. G., Benegas R., Best P., et al. (2005). Population Histories of Right Whales (Cetacea: Eubalaena) Inferred From Mitochondrial Sequence Diversities and Divergences of Their Whale Lice (Amphipoda: Cyamus). Mol. Ecol. 14 (11), 3439–3456. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02664.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kamiya K., Yamashita K., Yanagawa T., Kawabata T., Watanabe K. (2012). Cypris Larvae (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) Display Auto-Fluorescence in Nearly Species-Specific Patterns. Zool. Sci. 29 (4), 247–253. doi: 10.2108/zsj.29.247

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kane E. A., Olson P. A., Gerodette T., Fiedler P. C. (2008). Prevalence of the Commensal Barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis on Cetacean Species in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean, and Review of Global Occurrence. Fish. Bull. 106, 395–404.

Google Scholar

Karaa S., Insacco G., Bradai M. N., Scaravelli D. (2011). Records of Xenobalanus globicipitis on Balaenoptera Physalus and Stenella Coeruleoalba in Tunisian and Sicilian Waters. Natura Rerum. 1, 55–59.

Google Scholar

Karenina K., Giljov A., Ivkovich T., Malashichev Y. (2016). Evidence for the Perceptual Origin of Right-Sided Feeding Biases in Cetaceans. Anim. Cogn. 19 (1), 239–243. doi: 10.1007/s10071-015-0899-4

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Karuppiah S., Subramanian A., Obbard J. P. (2004). The Barnacle, Xenobalanus globicipitis (Cirripedia, Coronulidae), Attached to the Bottle-Nosed Dolphin, Tursiops Truncatus (Mammalia, Cetacea) on the Southeastern Coast of India. Crustaceana 77, 879–882. doi: 10.1163/156854004774248753

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kasuya T., Rice D. W. (1970). Notes of Baleen Plates and on Arrangement of Parasitic Barnacles of Gray Whale. Sci. Rep. Whale Res. Inst. 22, 39–43.

Google Scholar

Kautek G., Van Bressem M. F., Ritter F. (2008). External Body Conditions in Cetaceans From La Gomera, Canary Islands, Spain. J. Marine Anim. Their Ecol. 11 (2), 4–17.

Google Scholar

Kawamura A. (1969). Some Consideration on the Stock Unit of Sei Whales by the Aspect of Ectoparasitic Organisms on the Body. Bull. Jap. Soc Fish. Oceanogr. 14, 38–43. [In Japanese].

Google Scholar

Keable S. J. (2006). Taxonomic Revision of Natatolana (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae). Rec. Aust. Mus. 58(2),133–244. doi: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.58.2006.1469

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kenney R. D. (2009). “Right Whales: Eubalaena Glacialis, E. Japonica, and E. Australis,” in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Eds. Perrin W., Würsig B., Thewissen J. (San Diego: Academic Press), 962–972. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-373553-9.00220-0

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Khodami S., McArthur J. V., Blanco-Bercial L., Martínez Arbizu P. (2017). Molecular Phylogeny and Revision of Copepod Orders (Crustacea: Copepoda). Sci. Rep. 7 (1), 9164. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06656-4

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Killingley J. (1980). Migrations of California Gray Whales Tracked by Oxygen-18 Variations in Their Epizoic Barnacles. Scie 207, 759–760. doi: 10.1126/science.207.4432.759

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kim H. K., Chan B. K. K., Kang C., Kim H. W., Kim W. (2020). How do Whale Barnacles Live on Their Hosts? Functional Morphology and Mating-Group Sizes of Coronula Diadema (Linnaeus 1767) and Conchoderma auritum (Linnaeus 1767) (Cirripedia: Thoracicalcarea). J. Crust. Biol. 40 (6), 808–824. doi: 10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa075

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kim M. J., Sohn H. (2016). Rescue, Rehabilitation and Release of Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena Asiaeorientalis) in Korea. J. Fish. Mar. Sci. Educ. 28 (3), 861–871. doi: 10.13000/JFMSE.2016.28.3.861

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kim I. H., Suárez-Morales E., Márquez-Rojas B. (2019). Caligid Copepods (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae) as Zooplankters Off the Venezuelan Coast, Western Caribbean Sea. Thalassas 35, 607–618. doi: 10.1007/s41208-019-00130-w

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Klinkhart E. G. (1966). The bBeluga Whale in Alaska. Juneau: Alaska Dep. Fish. Game, Fed. Aid Wildl. Restor. Proj. Rep. 7 W–6–R and W–14–R.

Google Scholar

Kobayashi N., Tokutake K., Yoshida H., Okabe H., Miyamoto K., Ito H., et al. (2021). The First Stranding Record of Longman’s Beaked Whale (Indopacetus Pacificus) in Okinawa, Japan. Aquat. Mamm. 47 (2), 153–174. doi: 10.1578/AM.47.2.2021.153

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Koch W. R. (2002). Revisão taxonômica do gênero Homodiaetus (Teleostei, Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae). Iheringia, Série Zoologia, Porto Alegre 92, 33–46.

Google Scholar

Koren J., Danielssen D. C. (1877). En Ny Art Af Slaegten Pennella. (A New Species of the Genus Penella). Fauna Littoralis Norvegiae 3, 157–163.

Google Scholar

Kottelat M., Freyhof J. (2007). Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes (Cornol: Publications Kottelat).

Google Scholar

Krøyer H. (1843). Om Cyamus Ceti (Med Et Par Bemaerkninger, Betraeffende Den Mulige Anvendelse Af De Paa Hvalerne Levende Smaa Dyr Ved Hvalarternes Adskillelse). Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, 474–489.

Google Scholar

Krefft G. (1953). Ichthyologische Mitteilungen Aus Dem Institut Für Seefischerei Der Bundesanstalt Für Fischerei. Zool. Anz. 150, 275–282.

Google Scholar

Kubota S. (1999). Fauna of Obelia (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in Japanese Waters, With Special Reference to Life Cycle of Obelia Dichotoma (L. 1758). Zoosystematica Rossica 1, 67–76.

Google Scholar

Kuramochi T., Araki J., Uchida, Moriyama N., Takeda Y., Hayashi N., et al. (2000). “Summary of Parasite and Epizoit Investigations During JARPN Surveys 1994-1999, With Reference to Stock Structure Analysis for the Western North Pacific Minke Whales,” in IWC Scientific Committee Workshop to Review the Japanese Whaling Programme Under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN). SC/F2K/J19

Google Scholar

Kuramochi T., Machida M., Araki J., Uchida A., Kishiro T., Nagasawa K. (1996). Minke Whales (Balaenoptera Acutorostrata) are One of the Major Final Hosts of Anisakis Simplex (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in the Northwestern North Pacific Ocean. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 46, 415–420.

Google Scholar

Kwak M. L., Heath A. C., Cardoso P. (2020). Methods for the Assessment and Conservation of Threatened Animal Parasites. Biol. Conserv. 248, 108696. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108696

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

La Linn M., Gardner J., Warrilow D., Darnell G. A., McMahon C. R., Field I., et al. (2001). Arbovirus of Marine Mammals: A New Alphavirus Isolated From the Elephant Seal Louse, Lepidophthirus Macrorhini. J. Virol. 75, 4103–4109. doi: 10.1128/JVI.75.9.4103-4109.2001

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lam K. K. Y. (2000). Algal and Sessile Invertebrate Recruitment Onto an Experimental PFA-Concrete Artificial Reef in Hong Kong. Asian Mar. Biol. 17, 55–76.

Google Scholar

Lane E. P., De Wet M., Thompson P., Siebert U., Wohlsein P., Plön S. (2014). A Systematic Health Assessment of Indian Ocean Bottlenose (Tursiops Aduncus) and Indo-Pacific Humpback (Sousa Plumbea) Dolphins Incidentally Caught in Shark Nets Off the KwaZulu-Natal Coast, South Africa. PloS One 9 (9), e107038. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107038

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Leach W. E. (1817). Distribution Systématique De La Classe Cirripède. J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 85, 67–69.

Google Scholar

Lehnert K., Fonfara S., Wohlsein P., Siebert U. (2007). Whale Lice (Isocyamus delphinii) on a Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena Phocoena) From German Waters. Vet. Rec. 161, 526–528. doi: 10.1136/vr.161.15.526

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lehnert K., IJsseldijk L., Uy M., Boyi J., van Schalkwijk L., Tollenaar E., et al. (2021). Whale Lice (Isocyamus Deltobranchium & Isocyamus delphinii; Cyamidae) Prevalence in Odontocetes Off the German and Dutch Coasts – Morphological and Molecular Characterization and Health Implications. Int. J. Parasitol.: Parasites Wildl. 15, 22–30. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.02.015

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lehnert K., Poulin R., Presswell B. (2019). Checklist of Marine Mammal Parasites in New Zealand and Australian Waters. J. Helminthol. 93 (6), 649–676. doi: 10.1017/s0022149x19000361

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lehnert K., Randhawa H., Poulin R. (2017). Metazoan Parasites From Odontocetes Off New Zealand: New Records. Parasitol. Res. 116, 2861–2868. doi: 10.1007/s00436-017-5573-0

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Leung Y. M. (1965). A Collection of Whale-Lice (Cyamidae: Amphipoda). Bull. California Acad. Sci. 64, 132–143.

Google Scholar

Leung Y. M. (1967). An Illustrated Key to the Species of Whale-Lice (Amphipoda, Cyamidae), Ectoparasites of Cetacea, With a Guide to the Literature. Crustaceana 12 (3), 279–291. doi: 10.1163/156854067X00251

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Leung Y. M. (1970a). First Record of the Whale-Louse Genus Syncyamus (Cyamidae: Amphipoda) From the Western Mediterr. Invest. Cet. 582, 243–247.

Google Scholar

Leung Y. M. (1970b). Cyamus Orcini, a New Species of Whale-Louse (Cyamidae, Amphipoda) From a Killer Whale. Bull. Inst. Franç. Afrique Noire 32, 669–675.

Google Scholar

Leung Y. M. (1976). Life Cycle of Cyamus Scammoni (Amphipoda: Cyamidae), Ectoparasite of Gray Whale, With a Remark on the Associated Species. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 28, 153–160.

Google Scholar

Leung T. L. F., Poulin R. (2008). Parasitism, Commensalism, and Mutualism: Exploring the Many Shades of Symbioses. Vie Milieu/Life Environ., 107–115.

Google Scholar

Lewis A. G. (1967). Copepod Crustaceans Parasitic on Teleost Fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 121, 1–204. doi: 10.5479/si.00963801.121-3574.1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lillie D. G. (1910). Observations on the Anatomy and General Biology of Some Members of the Larger Cetacea. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 3, 769–792. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1910.tb01916.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lincoln R. J., Hurley D. E. (1974a). Catalogue of the Whale-Lice (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Cyamidae) in the Collections of the British Museum (Natural History). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. 27, 65–72. doi: 10.5962/bhl.part.22972

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lincoln R. J., Hurley D. E. (1974b). Scutocyamus Parvus, a New Genus and Species of Whale-Louse (Amphipoda: Cyamidae) Ectoparasitic on the North Atlantic White-Beaked Dolphin. Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. 27 (2), 59–64. doi: 10.5962/bhl.part.22971

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lincoln R. J., Hurley D. E. (1980). Scutocyamus Antipodensis N. Sp. (Amphipoda: Cyamidae) on Hector’s Dolphin (Cephalorhynchus Hectori) From New Zealand. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 14, 295–301. doi: 10.1080/00288330.1980.9515872

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lincoln R. J., Hurley D. E. (1981). A New Species of the Whale-Louse Syncyamus (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Cyamidae) Ectoparasitic on Dolphins From South Africa. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist. 13 (13), 187–194.

Google Scholar

Linehan E. J. (1979). The Trouble With Dolphins. Natl. Geographic Mag. 155 (4), 540.

Google Scholar

Linnaeus C. (1758). “Systema Naturae Per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis,” in Editio decima, reformata, 10th revised edition, vol. 1, 824 pp . doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.542

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Liouville J. (1913). Cétacés De L'antarctique (Paris: Deuxième Expédition Antarctique Française), 1908–1910. *824 pp.

Google Scholar

Lockyer C. (1979). Response of Orcas to Tagging. Carnivore 11, 19–21.

Google Scholar

López B. A., Macaya E. C., Tala F., Tellier F., Thiel M. (2017). The Variable Routes of Rafting: Stranding Dynamics of Floating Bull Kelp Durvillaea Antarctica (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) on Beaches in the SE Pacific. J. Phycol. 53 (1), 70–84. doi: 10.1111/jpy.12479

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lorenzen S. (1986). Odontobius (Nematoda, Monhysteridae) From the Baleen Plates of Whales and its Relationship to Gammarinema Living on Crustaceans. Zool. Scr. 15 (2), 101–106. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1986.tb00213.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lorion C. M., Markle D. F., Reid S. B., Docker M. F. (2000). Redescription of the Presumed-Extinct Miller Lake Lamprey, Lampetra Minima. Copeia 100 (4), 1019–1028. doi: 10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[1019:ROTPEM]2.0.CO;2

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Louella M., Dolar L. (2002). “Fraser's Dolphin Lagenodelphis Hosei” in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Eds. Perrin W. F., Wursig B., Thewissen J. G. M. (London: Academic Press), 485–487.

Google Scholar

Lowry J. K., Myers A. A. (2013). A Phylogeny and Classification of the Senticaudata Subord. Nov. Crustacea: Amphipoda. Zootaxa 3610 (1), 1–80. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3610.1.1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lütken C. F. (1870). Conspectus Cyamidarum Borealium Hujusque Cognitarum. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. Crustaceana 13, 279–280. doi: 10.5962/bhl.part.9800

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lütken C. F. (1873). Bidrag Til Kundskab Om Arterne Af Slaegten Cyamus Latr. Eller Hvallusene. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 10 (3), 230–284.

Google Scholar

Lütken C. F. (1887). Tillaeg Til “Bidrag Til Kundskab Om Arterne Af Slaegten Cyamus Latr. Eller Hvallu Sene”. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 4, 316–322.

Google Scholar

Lütken C. F. (1893). Andet Tillaeg Til “Bidrag Til Kundskab Om Arterne Af Slaegten Cyamus Latr. Eller Hvallusene. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 9, 421–434.

Google Scholar

MacIntyre R. J. (1966). Rapid Growth in Stalked Barnacles. Nature 212, 637–638. doi: 10.1038/212637a0

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mackenzie K. (2002). Parasites as Biological Tags in Population Studies of Marine Organisms: An Update. Parasitology 124 (7), 153–163. doi: 10.1017/S0031182002001518

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mackintosh N. A., Wheeler J. F. G. (1929). Southern Blue and Fin Whales. Discovery Rep. 1, 257–540.

Google Scholar

Magni P. A., Venn C., Aquila I., Pepe F., Ricci P., Di Nunzio C., et al. (2015). Evaluation of the Floating Time of a Corpse Found in a Marine Environment Using the Barnacle Lepas Anatifera L. (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Pedunculata). Forensic Sci. Int. 247, e6–e10. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.016

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mahnken T., Gilmore R. M. (1960). Suckerfish on a Porpoise. J. Mammal. 41 (1), 134. doi: 10.2307/1376540

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Maran B. A. V., Moon S. Y., Ohtsuka S., Oh S. Y., Soh H. Y., Myoung J. G., et al. (2013). The Caligid Life Cycle: New Evidence From Lepeophtheirus Elegans Reconciles the Cycles of Caligus and Lepeophtheirus (Copepoda: Caligidae). Parasite 20, 15. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2013015

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Marcer F., Marchiori E., Centelleghe C., Ajzenberg D., Gustinelli A., Meroni V., et al. (2019). Parasitological and Pathological Findings in Fin Whales Balaenoptera Physalus Stranded Along Italian Coastlines. Dis. Aquat. Org. 133 (1), 25–37. doi: 10.3354/dao03327

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Margolis L. (1954a). Three Kinds of Whale-Lice (Cyamidae: Amphipoda) From the Pacific Coast of Canada, Including a New Species. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 11 (3), 319–325. doi: 10.1139/f54-020

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Margolis L. (1954b). Delphinapterus Leucas, a New Host Record for the Whale-Louse, Paracyamus Nodosus (Lütken). J. Parasitol. 40, 365. doi: 10.2307/3273757

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Margolis L. (1955). Notes on the Morphology, Taxonomy and Synonymy of Several Species of Whale-Lice (Cyamidae: Amphipoda). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 12 (l), 121–133. doi: 10.1139/f55-009

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Margolis L. (1959). Records of Cyamus Balaenopterae Barnard and Neocyamus Physeteris (Pouchet), Two Species of Whale-Lice (Amphipoda), From the Northeast Pacific. Can. J. Zool. 37 (6), 895–897. doi: 10.1139/z59-086

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Margolis L., McDonald T. E., Bousfield E. L. (2000). The Whale Lice (Amphipoda: Cyamidae) of the Northeastern Pacific Region. Amphipacifica II 4, 63–117.

Google Scholar

Mariniello L., Cerioni S., Di Cave D. (1994). Ridescrizione Di Syncyamus Aequus Lincoln Ed Hurley 1981 (Amphipoda: Cyamidae), Ectoparassita Di Stenella Coeruleoalba (Meyen 1833) E Prima Segnalazione Per Le Acque Italiane. Parassitologia 36, 313–316.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Marino L., Stowe J. (1997). Lateralized Behavior in a Captive Beluga Whale (Delphinapterus Leucas). Aquat. Mamm. 23, 101–104.

Google Scholar

Marloth R. (1900). Notes on the Mode of Growth of Tubicinella Trachaelis, the Barnacle of the Southern Right Whale. Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc 11, 1–6. doi: 10.1080/21560382.1900.9525952

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Marlow B. (1962). A Recent Record of the Dugong, Dugong Dugon, From New South Wales. J. Mammal. 43, 433–433. doi: 10.2307/1376973

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Marlow B. G. (1963). Rare Whale Washed Up on Sydney Beach. Aust. Nat. Hist. 15, 164.

Google Scholar

Maronna M. M., Miranda T. P., Pena Cantero A. L., Barbeitos M. S., Marques A. C. (2016). Towards a Phylogenetic Classification of Leptothecata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Sci. Rep. 6, 18075. doi: 10.1038/srep18075

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Martínez R., Segade P., Martínez-Cedeira J. A., Arias C., García-Estévez J. M., Iglesias R. (2008). Occurrence of the Ectoparasite Isocyamus Deltobranchium (Amphipoda: Cyamidae) on Cetaceans From Atlantic Waters. J. Parasitol. 94 (6), 1239–1242. doi: 10.1645/GE-1518.1

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Martini F. (1998). “The Ecology of Hagfishes,” in The Biology of Hagfishes. Eds. Jorgensen J. M., Malte H. (London: Chapman & Hall), 57–77. doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-5834-3_5

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Martín V., Tejedor M., Pérez-Gil M., Dalebout M. L., Arbelo M., Fernández A. (2011). A Sowerby's Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon Bidens) Stranded in the Canary Islands: The Most Southern Record in the Eastern North Atlantic. Aquat. Mamm. 37 (4), 512–519. doi: 10.1578/AM.37.4.2011.512

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Maruzzo D., Aldred N., Clare A. S., Høeg J. T. (2012). Metamorphosis in the Cirripede Crustacean Balanus Amphitrite. PloS One 7 (5), e37408. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037408

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Matthews L. H. (1937). The Humpback Whale, Megaptera novaeangliae. Discovery Rep. 17, 7–92.

Google Scholar

Matthews L. H. (1938a). Notes on the Southern Right Whale, Eubalaena Australis. Discovery Rep. 17, 169–182.

Google Scholar

Matthews L. H. (1938b). The Sei Whale Balaenoptera Borealis. Discovery Rep. 17, 183–290.

Google Scholar

Matthews L. H. (1938c). The Sperm Whale, Physeter Catodon. Discovery Rep. 17, 93–168.

Google Scholar

Matthews C., Ghazal M., Lefort K., Inuarak E. (2020). Epizoic Barnacles on Arctic Killer Whales Indicate Residency in Warm Waters. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 36 (3), 1010–1014. doi: 10.1111/mms.12674

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

McAlpine D. (2003). “Pygmy and Dwarf Sperm Whales (Kogia Breviceps and K. Sima),” in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Eds. Perrin W. F., Würsig B., Thewissen J. G. M. (San Diego, CA: Academic Press), 1007–1009.

Google Scholar

McAlpine D. F., Murison L. D., Hoberg E. P. (1997). New Records for the Pygmy Sperm Whale, Kogia Breviceps (Physeteridae) From Atlantic Canada With Notes on Diet and Parasites. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 13 (4), 701–704. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1997.tb00093.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

McCann C. (1975). A Study of the Genus Berardius Duvernoy. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 27, 111–137.

Google Scholar

McSweeney D. J., Baird R. W., Mahaffy S. D. (2007). Site Fidelity, Associations, and Movements of Cuvier’s (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville’s (Mesoplodon densirostris) Beaked Whales Off the Island of Hawaii. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 23, 666–687. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00135.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mead J. G. (1975). Preliminary Report on the Former Net Fisheries for Tursiops Truncatus in the Western North Atlantic. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32 (7), 1155–1162. doi: 10.1139/f75-136

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mead J. G. (1989). “Beaked Whales of the Genus Mesoplodon,” in Handbook of Marine Mammals. Volume 4. River Dolphins and the Larger Toothed Whales. Eds. Ridgway S. H., Harrison R.(London:Academic Press), 349–430.

Google Scholar

Mead J. G., Potter C. W. (1990). “Natural History of Bottlenose Dolphins Along the Central Atlantic Coast of the United States,” in The Bottlenose Dolphin. Eds. Leatherwood S., Reeves R. (San Diego, CA: Academic Press), 165–195. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-440280-5.50013-5

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Methion S., Díaz López B. (2019). First Record of Atypical Pigmentation Pattern in Fin Whale Balaenoptera Physalus in the Atlantic Ocean. Dis. Aquat. Org. 135 (2), 121–125. doi: 10.3354/dao03385

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Migaki G. (1987). 21 Selected Dermatoses of Marine Mammals. Clin. Dermatol. 5 (3), 155–164. doi: 10.1016/s0738-081x(87)80022-6

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mignucci-Giannoni A. A., Beck C. A., Montoya-Ospina R. A., Williams E. H. Jr. (1999). Parasites and Commensals of the West Indian Manatee From Puerto Rico. Skin 66 (1), 87812.

Google Scholar

Mignucci-Giannoni A. A., Hoberg E. P., Siegel-Causey D., Williams E. H. Jr. (1998). Metazoan Parasites and Other Symbionts of Cetaceans in the Caribbean. J. Parasitol. 84(5), 939–946. doi: 10.2307/3284625

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Miller A. K., Baker C., Kitson J. C., Yick J. L., Manquel P. E. I., Alexander A., et al. (2021). The Southern Hemisphere Lampreys (Geotriidae and Mordaciidae). Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 31, 201–232. doi: 10.1007/s11160-021-09639-x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Minchin D. (1996). Tar Pellets and Plastics as Attachment Surfaces for Lepadid Cirripedes in the North Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 32 (12), 855–859. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00045-8

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Minton G., Van Bressem M. F., Willson A., Collins T., Harthy S., Willson M. (2020). Visual Health Assessment and Evaluation of Anthropogenic Threats to Arabian Sea Humpback Whales in Oman. Annual IWC Scientific Committee 2020 (Cambridge, UK). [In press]

Google Scholar

Minussi Rama A. C. (2020). Prevalência, Intensidade E Distribuição De Xenobalanus globicipitis (Cirripedia: Coronulidae) Em Cetáceos Na Bacia De Santos, Brasil, Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina [Bachelor Thesis].

Google Scholar

Miočić-Stošić J., Pleslić G., Holcer D. (2020). Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon Marinus) Attachment to the Common Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus). Aquat. Mamm. 46 (2), 152–166. doi: 10.1578/AM.46.2.2020.152

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mizue K. (1950). Factory Ship Whaling Around Bonin Islands in 1948. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. Tokyo 3, 106–118.

Google Scholar

Mizue K., Murata T. (1951). Biological Investigation on the Whales Caught by the Japanese Antarctic Whaling Fleets Season 1949–50. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. Tokyo 6, 73–131.

Google Scholar

Moazzam M., Rizvi S. H. N. (1979). Some Observations of the Post-Cyprid Stages and Population Structure of Conchoderma Virgatum Var. Hunteri From Offshore Waters of Pakistan. Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res. 22, 305–307.

Google Scholar

Moher D., Shamseer L., Clarke M., Ghersi D., Liberati A., Petticrew M., et al. (2015). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 Statement. Syst. Rev. 4, 1–9. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mohrbeck I., Raupach M. J., Martinez Arbizu P., Knebelsberger T., Laakmann S. (2015). High-Throughput Sequencing-The Key to Rapid Biodiversity Assessment of Marine Metazoa? PloS One 10 (10), E0140342. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140342

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Monod T. (1938). Conchoderma auritum (L. 1767) Olfers 1814 Sur Un Ziphius Cf. Cavirostris (?) G. Cuvier 1823. Bull. Trav. Sta. Aquicult. Pêche Castiglione 1, 205–210. [In French].

Google Scholar

Monod T. H., Serene R. (1976). Parasitic, Commensal, and Inquiline Crustaceans Collected During the Rumphius Expedition II. Osean. Indones. 6, 23–27.

Google Scholar

Moore M., Steiner L., Jann B. (2003). Cetacean Surveys in the Cape Verde Islands and the Use of Cookiecutter Shark Bite Lesions as a Population Marker for Fin Whales. Aquat. Mamm. 29 (3), 383–389. doi: 10.1578/01675420360736569

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mörch J. A. (1911). On the Natural History of Whalebone Whales. Proc. Zool. Soc Lond. 47, 661–670. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1911.tb01952.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Moreno-Colom P., Ten S., Raga J. A., Aznar F. J. (2020). Spatial Distribution and Aggregation of Xenobalanus globicipitis on the Flukes of Striped Dolphins, Stenella Coeruleoalba: An Indicator of Host Hydrodynamics? Mar. Mamm. Sci. 36 (3), 897–914. doi: 10.1111/mms.12691

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Morris R. A., Mowbray L. S. (1966). An Unusual Barnacle Attachment on the Teeth of the Hawaiian Spinning Dolphin. Nor. Hvalfangst-lid. (Norw. Whaling Gaz.) 55, 15–16.

Google Scholar

Moyse J. (1984). Some Observations on the Swimming and Feeding of the Nauplius Larvae of Lepas Pectinata (Cirripedia: Crustacea). Zool. J. Linn. Soc 80 (2-3), 323–336. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb01981.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Moyse J. (1987). Larvae of lepadomorph barnacles. Barnacle BiologySouthward A. J., Balkema A. A.(Rotterdam: Crustacean Issues), 329–362.

Google Scholar

Mullineaux L., Butman C. (1991). Initial Contact, Exploration and Attachment of Barnacle (Balanus Amphitrite) Cyprids Settling in Flow. Mar. Biol. 110 (1), 93–103. doi: 10.1007/BF01313096

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Murase M., Tajima Y., Okamoto M., Matsuishi T., Yamada T. K., Asakawa M. (2014). An Ectoparasite and Epizoite From a Western Gray Whale (Eschrichtius Robustus) Stranded on Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan. J. Rakuno Gakuen Univ. 38 (2), 149–152.

Google Scholar

Nagasawa K., Imai Y., Ishida K. (1985). Distribution, Abundance, and Effects of Pennella sp. (Copepoda: Pennellidae), Parasitic on the Saury, Cololabis Saira (Brevoort), in the Western North Pacific Ocean and Adjacent Seas, 1984. Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan 40(5), 35–42.

Google Scholar

Nakano H., Tabuchi M. (1990). Occurrence of the Cookiecutter Shark Isistius Brasiliensis in Surface Waters of the North Pacific Ocean. Japanese J. Ichthyol. 37 (1), 60–63.

Google Scholar

Nansen F. (1925). Hunting and Adventure in the Arctic (London: J. M. Dent & Sons).

Google Scholar

Nasu K. (1958). Deformed Lower Jaw of Sperm Whale. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. Tokyo 13, 211–212.

Google Scholar

Natural History Museum (2020) Natural History Museum (London) Collection Specimens. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1056411821 (Accessed April 2, 2021).

Google Scholar

Nemoto T. (1955). White Scars on Whales (I) Lamprey Marks. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 10, 69–77.

Google Scholar

Nemoto T. (1958). Cocconeis Diatoms Infected on Whales in the Antarctic. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. Tokyo 13, 185–192.

Google Scholar

Nemoto T., Brownell F. L. Jr., Isfiimaru T. (1977). Cocconeis Diatoms on the Skin of Franciscana. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 29, 101–105.

Google Scholar

Newman W. A., Abbott D. P. (1980). “Cirripedia: The Barnacles” in Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Eds. Morris R. H., Abbott D. P., Haderlie E. C. (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press), 504–535.

Google Scholar

Nelson E. w.. On the Occurrence of Diatoms on the Skin of Whales by A. G. Bennett. Appendix by E. W. Nelson. (Cocconeis Ceticola). Proc. Royal Soc. B (1920) 91(641), 352–357.

Google Scholar

Newman W. A., Ross A. (1971). Antarctic Cirripedia. Antarctic Res. Ser. 14, 1–257. doi: 10.1029/AR014

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Newman W. A., Ross A. (1976). Revision of the Balanomorph Barnacles Including a Catalogue of the Species. San Diego Soc Nat. Hist. 9, 1–108.

Google Scholar

Nichols O. C., Hamilton P. K. (2004). Occurrence of the Parasitic Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon Marinus, on Western North Atlantic Right Whales, Eubalaena Glacialis. Env. Biol. Fish. 71, 413–417. doi: 10.1007/s10641-004-0776-5

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Nichols O. C., Tscherter U. T. (2011). Feeding of Sea Lampreys Petromyzon Marinus on Minke Whales Balaenoptera Acutorostrata in the St Lawrence Estuary, Canada. J. Fish Biol. 78 (1), 338–343. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02842.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Nicklin C. (1963). Whale Tale. Skin Diver Magazine. 12 (11), 12–15. doi: 10.1080/05775132.1963.11469513

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Nilsson-Cantell C. A. (1921). Cirripeden-Studien. Zur Kenntnis Der Biologie, Anatomie Und Systematik Dieser Gruppe. Zoologiska Bidrag Fra˚n Uppsala 7, 75.395. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.10682

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Nilsson-Cantell C. A. (1928). Studies on Cirripeds in the British Museum (Natural History). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 10 (2), 1–39. doi: 10.1080/00222932808672845

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Nilsson-Cantell C. A. (1930a). Thoracic Cirripedes Collected in 1925–1927. Discovery Rep. 2, 223–260.

Google Scholar

Nilsson-Cantell C. A. (1930b). Cirripédes. Résultats Scientifiques Du Voyage Aux Indes Orientales Néerlandaise De LL. AA. RR. Le Prince Et La Princesse Léopold De Belgique. Mémoires du Musée R. d’Histoire Naturelle Belgique 3, 1–24.

Google Scholar

Nilsson-Cantell C. A. (1930c). Cirripedien Von Der Stewart Insel Und Von Südgeorgien. Senckenbergiana 12, 210–213.

Google Scholar

Nilsson-Cantell C. A. (1931). Revision Der Sammlung Recenter Cirripedien Des Naturhistorischen Museums in Basel. Verhandl. Naturf Gesell Basel 42, 103–137.

Google Scholar

Nilsson-Cantell C. A. (1939). Thoracic Cirripedes Collected in 1925–1936. Discovery Rep. 18, 1925–1936.

Google Scholar

Nilsson-Cantell C. A. (1978). Cirripedia Thoracica and Acrothoracica Vol. 5 (Oslo: Marine Invertebrates of Scandinavia, Universitetsforlaget), 1–133.

Google Scholar

Nishiwaki M. (1959). Humpback Whales in Ryukyuan Waters. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 14, 49–87.

Google Scholar

Nishiwaki M., Hayashi K. (1950). Biological Survey of Fin and Blue Whales Taken in the Antarctic Season 1947–48 by the Japanese Fleet. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. Tokyo 3, 132–190.

Google Scholar

Nishiwaki M., Oye T. (1951). Biological Investigation on Blue Whales (Balaenoptera Musculus) and Fin Whales (Balaenoptera Physalus) Caught by the Japanese Antarctic Whaling Fleets. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 5, 91–167.

Google Scholar

Nogata Y., Matsumura K. (2006). Larval Development and Settlement of a Whale Barnacle. Biol. Lett. 2, 92–93. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2005.0409

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Noke W. (2004). The Association of Echeneids With Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA. Aquat. Mamm. 30 (2), 296–298. doi: 10.1578/AM.30.2.2004.296

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Notarbartolo di Sciara G., Watkins W. A. (1979). A Remora, Remilegia Australis, Attached to an Atlantic Spinner Dolphin, Stenella Longirostris. Bull. S. California Acad. Sci. 79 (3), 119–121.

Google Scholar

O'Clair R. M., O'Clair C. E. (1998). Southeast Alaska's Rocky Shores. Animals (Auke Bay, AK: Plant Press).

Google Scholar

O’Connor B., Franco J. M. F. (2003). Conchoderma auritum (L.) (Cirripedia) Recorded From a Sperm Whale Physeter Catodon L. Washed Up at Claddaghduff, Co Galway. Ir. Nat. J. 27 (6), 236–236.

Google Scholar

Ogawa K., Matsuzaki K., Misaki H. (1997). A New Species of Balaenophilus (Copepoda: Harpacticoida), an Ectoparasite of a Sea Turtle in Japan. Zool. Sci. 14 (4), 691–700. doi: 10.2108/zsj.14.691

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ohlin A. (1893). Some Remarks on the Bottlenose-Whale (Hyperoodon). Lunds. Univ. Arskr. 29, 1–14.

Google Scholar

Ohno M., Fujino K. (1952). Biological Investigation on the Whales Caught by the Japanese Antarctic Whaling Fleets, Season 1950/51. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 7, 125–188.

Google Scholar

Ohsumi S. (1973). Find of Marlin Spear From the Antarctic Minke Whales. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. Tokyo 25, 237–239.

Google Scholar

Ohsumi S., Masaki Y., Kawamura A. (1970). Stock of the Antarctic Minke Whale. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 22, 75–125.

Google Scholar

Øines Ø., Heuch P. A. (2005). Identification of Sea Louse Species of the Genus Caligus Using mtDNA. J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 85, 73–79. doi: 10.1017/S0025315405010854h

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Øines Ø., Schram T. (2008). Intra- or Inter-Specific Difference in Genotypes of Caligus elongatus Nordmann 1832? Acta Parasitol. 53 (1), 93–105. doi: 10.2478/s11686-008-0002-2

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ólafsson E., Ingólfsson R., Steinarsdóttir M. B.. Harpacticoid Copepod Communities of Floating Seaweed: Controlling Factors and Implications for Dispersal. Hydrobiologia (2001) 453(1), 189–200.

Google Scholar

Ólafsdóttir D., Shinn A. (2013). Epibiotic Macrofauna on Common Minke Whales, Balaenoptera Acutorostrata Lácepede 1804, in Icelandic Waters. Parasites Vectors 6 (1), 105. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-105

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ólafsson E., Ingólfsson A., Steinarsdóttir M.B. (2001). Harpacticoid copepod communities of floating seaweed: controlling factors and implications for dispersal. Hydrobiologia 453, 189–200. doi: 10.1023/A:1013196724039

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Oliveira J. B., Morales J. A., González-Barrientos R. C., Hernández-Gamboa J., Hernández-Mora G. (2011). Parasites of Cetaceans Stranded on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica. Vet. Parasitol. 182 (2-4), 319–328. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.014

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Oliver G., Trilles J. P. (2000). Crustacés Parasites Et Epizoïtes Du Cachalot, Physeter Catodon Linnaeus 1758 (Cetacea, Odontoceti), Dans Le Golfe Du Lion (Méditerranée Occidentale). Parasite 7 (4), 311–321. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2000074311

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Olsen O. (1913). On the External Characters and Biology of Bryde’s Whales (Balaenoptera Brydei), a New Rorqual From the Coast of South Africa. Proc. Zool. Soc Lond., 1073–1090. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1913.tb02005.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Omura H. (1950a). Whales in the Adjacent Waters of Japan. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. Tokyo 4, 27–113.

Google Scholar

Omura H. (1950b). Diatom Infection on Blue and Fin Whales in the Antarctic Whaling Area V (the Ross Sea Area). Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 4, 14–26.

Google Scholar

Omura H. (1958). North Pacific Right Whale. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 13, 1–52.

Google Scholar

Omura H., Fujino K., Kimura S. (1955). Beaked Whale Berardius Bairdii of Japan With Notes on Ziphius cavirostris. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. Tokyo 10, 89–132.

Google Scholar

Orams M. B., Schuetze C. (1998). Seasonal and Age/Size-Related Occurrence of a Barnacle (Xenobalanus globicipitis) on Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 14, 186–189. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00706.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

O’Reilly M. (1998). Whale-Lice (Amphipoda: Cyamidae) and Sea Lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) From Stranded Whales in the Firth of Forth. Glasg. Nat. 23 (3), 24–26.

Google Scholar

Orejas C., Rossi S., Peralba À., García E., Gili J. M., Lippert H. (2012). Feeding Ecology and Trophic Impact of the Hydroid Obelia Dichotoma in the Kongsfjorden (Spitsbergen, Arctic). Polar Biol. 36 (1), 61–72. doi: 10.1007/s00300-012-1239-7

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

O’Riordan C. E. (1979). Marine Fauna Notes From the National Museum of Ireland 6. Ir. Nat.' J. 19, 356–358.

Google Scholar

Orrell T. (2020) NMNH Extant Specimen Records. Version 1.36 (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution). Available at: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1320470940 (Accessed June 23, 2021).

Google Scholar

Osmond M. G., Kaufman G. D. (1998). A Heavily Parasitized Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 14 (1), 146–149. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00698.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Otani M., Oumi T., Uwai S., Hanyuda T., Prabowo R. E., Yamaguchi T., et al. (2007). Occurrence and Diversity of Barnacles on International Ships Visiting Osaka Bay, Japan, and the Risk of Their Introduction. Biofouling 23 (4), 277–286. doi: 10.1080/08927010701315089

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

O’Toole B. (2002). Phylogeny of the Species of the Superfamily Echeneoidea (Perciformes: Carangoidei: Echeneidae, Rachycentridae, and Coryphaenidae), With an Interpretation of Echeneid Hitchhiking Behaviour. Can. J. Zool. 80 (4), 596–623. doi: 10.1139/z02-031

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Öztürk A. A., Dede A., Tonay A. M., Danyer E., Aytemiz I. (2015). Stranding of a Minke Whale on the Eastern Mediterranean Coast of Turkey. J. Black Sea/Mediter. Envir. 21 (2), 232–237.

Google Scholar

Pace D. S., Mussi B., Miragliuolo A., Vivaldi C., Ardizzone G. (2016). First Record of a Hagfish Anchored to a Living Bottlenose Dolphin in the Mediterranean Sea. J. Mammal. 97 (3), 960–965. doi: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw022

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pacheco A. S., Castro C., Carnero-Hauman R., Villagra D., Pinilla S., Denkinger J., et al. (2019). Sightings of an Adult Male Killer Whale Match Humpback Whale Breeding Seasons in Both Hemispheres in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Aquat. Mamm. 45, 320–326. doi: 10.1578/AM.45.3.2019.320

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Page M. J., McKenzie J. E., Bossuyt P. M., Boutron I., Hoffmann T. C., Mulrow C. D., et al. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ 372, n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Palacios D. M., Salazar S. K., Day D. (2004). Cetacean Remains and Strandings in the Galapagos Islands 1923-2003. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Mamm. 3(2), 127–150. doi: 10.5597/lajam00058

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Palmer M. A. (1988). Dispersal of Marine Meiofauna: A Review and Conceptual Model Explaining Passive Transport and Active Emergence With Implications for Recruitment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Series 48 (1), 81–91. doi: 10.3354/meps048081

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Papastamatiou Y. P., Wetherbee B. M., O’Sullivan J., Goodmanlowe G. D., Lowe C. G. (2010). Foraging Ecology of Cookiecutter Sharks (Isistius Brasiliensis) on Pelagic Fishes in Hawaii, Inferred From Prey Bite Wounds. Env. Biol. Fish. 88 (4), 361–368. doi: 10.1007/s10641-010-9649-2

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Parsons E. C. M., Overstreet R. M., Jefferson T. A. (2001). Parasites From Indo-Pacific Hump-Backed Dolphins (Sousa Chinensis) and Finless Porpoises (Neophocaena Phocaenoides) Stranded in Hong Kong. Vet. Rec. 148, 776–780. doi: 10.1136/vr.148.25.776

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pastene L. A., Jofre K., Acevedo M., Joyce M. (1990). First Record of the Blainville's Beaked Whale, Mesoplodon densirostris Blainville 1817 (Cetacea: Ziphiidae) in the Eastern Pacific. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 6, 82–84. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1990.tb00229.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pastorino G., Griffin M. (1996). An Extant Whale Barnacle (Cirripedia, Coronulidae) From Holocene Deposits of Buenos Aires (Argentina). Crustaceana 69 (6), 769–772. doi: 10.1163/156854096X00781

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Patel B. (1959). The Influence of Temperature on the Reproduction and Moulting of Lepas Anatifera L. Under Laboratory Condition. J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 38, 589–597. doi: 10.1017/S0025315400007013

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Paterson R. A., Van Dyck S. (1991). Studies of Two Humpback Whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, Stranded at Fraser Island, Queensland. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 30, 343–350.

Google Scholar

Pearson R. M., van de Merwe J. P., Connolly R. M. (2020). Global Oxygen Isoscapes for Barnacle Shells: Application for Tracing Movement in Oceans. Sci. Total. Environ. 705, 135782. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135782

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Penney M. S., Rawlings T. A. (2021). An Examination of Shallow-Water Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina) in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Using Morphology and DNA Barcoding. Northeastern Nat. 28 (m18), 1–38. doi: 10.1656/045.028.m1801

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pérez-Losada M., Høeg J. T., Crandall K. A. (2004). Unraveling the Evolutionary Radiation of the Thoracican Barnacles Using Molecular and Morphological Evidence: A Comparison of Several Divergence Time Estimation Approaches. Syst. Biol. 53 (2), 244–264. doi: 10.1080/10635150490423458

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pérez-Losada M., Høeg J., Simon-Blecher N., Achituv Y., Jones D., Crandall K. (2014). Molecular Phylogeny, Systematics and Morphological Evolution of the Acorn Barnacles (Thoracica: Sessilia: Balanomorpha). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 81, 147–158. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.013

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pérez-Losada M., Harp M., Høeg J. T., Achituv Y., Jones D., Watanabe H., et al. (2008). The Tempo and Mode of Barnacle Evolution. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46 (1), 328–346. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.004

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pérez-Zayas J., Mignucci-Giannoni A., Toyos-González G., Rosario-Delestre R., Williams E. (2002). Incidental Predation by a Largetooth Cookiecutter Shark on a Cuvier’s Beaked Whale in Puerto Rico. Aquat. Mamm. 28, 308–311.

Google Scholar

Perrin W. (1969). The Barnacle, Conchoderma auritum, on a Porpoise (Stenella graffmani). J. Mammal. 50(1), 149. doi: 10.2307/1378651

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Peters I. T., Barendse J. (2016). “A Conservation Assessment of Eubalaena Australis,” in The Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho. Eds. Child M. F., Roxburgh L., Do Linh S. E., Raimondo D., Davies-Mostert H. T. (South Africa: South African National Biodiversity Institute and Endangered Wildlife Trust).

Google Scholar

Pettis H. M., Rolland R. M., Hamilton P. K., Brault S., Knowlton A. R., Kraus S. D. (2004). Visual Health Assessment of North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena Glacialis) Using Photographs. Can. J. Zool. 82 (1), 8–19. doi: 10.1139/z03-207

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pfeiffer C. J. (2009). ““Whale Lice”,” in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Eds. Perrin W. F., Würsig B., Thewissen J. G. M. (San Diego:Academic Press), 1220–1223. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-373553-9.00279-0

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pike G. C. (1951). Lamprey Marks on Whales. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 8, 275–280. doi: 10.1139/f50-017

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pilleri G. (1967). Behaviour of the Pseudorca Crassidens (Owen) Off the Spanish Mediterranean Coasts. Rev. Suisse Zoologie 74, 679–683. doi: 10.5962/bhl.part.75874

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pilleri G. (1969a). The Barnacle, Conchoderma auritum, on a Porpoise (Stenella Graffmani). J. Mammal. 50 (1), 149–151. doi: 10.2307/1378651

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pilleri G. (1969b). Zahnbefall Durch Conchoderma auritum (Cirripedia) Bei Einem Pottwal Aus Den Natalgewässern. Invest. Cet. 1, 192.

Google Scholar

Pilleri G. (1970). Xenobalanus globicipitis Steenstrup on Delphinus Delphus, Stenella Styx, Tursiops Truncatus in the Western Mediterranean. Invest. Cet. 2, 248–249.

Google Scholar

Pilleri G., Gihr M. (1969). Zur Anatomie Und Pathologie Von Inia Geoffrensis De Blainville 1817 (Cetacea, Sussuidae) Aus Dem Beni, Bolivien. Invest. Cet. 1, 96–106.

Google Scholar

Pilleri G., Knuckey J. (1969). Behaviour Patterns of Some Delphinidae Observed in the Western Mediterranean. Z. Tierpsychol. 26, 48–72.

Google Scholar

Pilsbry H. A. (1916). The Sessile Barnacles (Cirripedia) Contained in the Collections of the U.S. National Museum; Including a Monograph of the American Species. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. 93, 1–366. doi: 10.5479/si.03629236.93.1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pinedo M. C., Praderi R., Brownell R. L. (1989). “Review of the Biology and Status of the Franciscana, Pontoporia Blainvillei,” in Biology and Conservation of the River Dolphins, vol. No. 3 . Eds. Perrin W. F., Brownell R. L., Zhou K., Liu J. (Wuhan: Occasional Papers of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission), 46–51.

Google Scholar

Pitman R. L., Fearnbach H., LeDuc R., Gilpatrick J. W. J., Ford J. K. B., Ballance L. T. (2007). Killer Whales Preying on a Blue Whale Calf on the Costa Rica Dome: Genetics, Morphometrics, Vocalisations and Composition of the Group. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 9, 151–157.

Google Scholar

Pitombo F. B. (2004). Phylogenetic Analysis of the Balanidae (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha). Zool. Scr. 33 (3), 261–276. doi: 10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00145.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Plön S., Adam P. A., Andrianarivelo N., Braulik G., Bunbury N., Collins T., et al. (2020). “IndoCet Stranding Network-Report on Strandings for the Western Indian Ocean Region,” in International Whaling Commission. Report of the Scientific Committee Meeting.

Google Scholar

Pompa S., Ehrlich P. R., Ceballos G. (2011). Global Distribution and Conservation of Marine Mammals. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 108 (33), 13600–13605. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1101525108

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pope E. C. (1958). The Barnacle, Xenobalanus globicipitis Steenstrup in Australian Seas. Proc. R. Zool. Soc 1956–57, 159–161.

Google Scholar

Porsild M. P. (1922). Scattered Observations on Narwhals. J. Mammal. 41, 8–13. doi: 10.2307/1373444

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pouchet G. (1888). Sur Un Nouveau Cyamus (Physeteris) Parasite Du Cachalot. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sei. Paris 107 (18), 698–699.

Google Scholar

Pouchet G. (1892). Contribution Ir I'histoire Des Cyames. J. Anat. Physiol. Norm. Path. 28, 99–108.

Google Scholar

Pouchet G., Beauregard H. (1889). Recherches Sur Le Cachalot: Anatomie I-V. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3, 1–96.

Google Scholar

Prestridge H. (2016) Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections - TCWC Marine Invertebrates. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1234577280 (Accessed March 2, 2021).

Google Scholar

Pruski S., Miglietta M. P. (2019). Fluctuation and Diversity of Hydromedusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) in a Highly Productive Region of the Gulf of Mexico Inferred From High Frequency Plankton Sampling. Peer J. 7, e7848. doi: 10.7717/peerj.7848

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pugliese M. C., Boettger S. A., Fish F. E. (2012). Barnacle Bonding: Morphology of Attachment of Xenobalanus globicipitis to its Host Tursiops Truncatus. J. Morphol. 273 (4), 453–459. doi: 10.1002/jmor.20006

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Qiao Y., Ma X., Chen B., Zhong S., Chen X. (2020). First Report of Cyamus Boopis From a Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Coastal East China Sea. Res. Sq. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-44880/v1 [Preprint]

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Quidor A. (1912). Copépodes Parasites. Deuxieme Expedition Antarctique Francaise, (1908-1910) (Paris: Scientifics Naturals, Documents Scientifiques), 197–214.

Google Scholar

Radford K. W., Klawe W. L. (1965). Biological Observations on the Whale Sucker, Remilegia Australis-Echeneiformes: Echeneidae. Trans. San Diego Nat. Hist. Soc 14 (6), 65–72.

Google Scholar

Raga J. A. (1988). On Some Morphological Variations of Syncyamus Aequus Lincoln & Hurley 1981 (Amphipoda, Cyamidae) From the Mediterranean Sea. Crustaceana 60(1), 149–152. doi: 10.1163/156854088X00050

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Raga J. A. (1994). “Parasitismus Bei Den Cetacea,” in Handbuch Der Säugetiere Europas. Eds. Robineau D., Duguy R., Klima M. (Wiesbaden: AULA-Verlag), 132–179.

Google Scholar

Raga J. A., Balbuena J. A. (1993). Parasites of the Long-Finned Pilot Whale, Globicephala melas (Traill 1809), in European Waters. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 14, 391–406.

Google Scholar

Raga J. A., Balbuena J. A., Abril E. (1988). “Preliminary Report on Parasitological Research on Pilot Whales in the Faroe Islands,” in European Research on Cetaceans. Ed. Evans P. G. H. (Lisboa: European Cetacean Society), 65–69.

Google Scholar

Raga J. A., Carbonell E. (1985). New Dates About Parasites on Stenella Coeruleoalba (Meyen 1833) (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Invest. Cet. 17, 207–213.

Google Scholar

Raga J. A., Carbonell E., Raduan M. A. (1982). Incidencias De Parásitos En Los Cetáceos Varados En Las Costas Españolas Del Mediterráneo. Memórias do Museu do Mar, Vol. 2. 1–11.

Google Scholar

Raga J. A., Raduan M. A. (1982). First Record of Syncyamus Aequus Lincoln and Hurley 1981 (Amphipoda: Cyamidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Invest. Cet. 14, 22–23.

Google Scholar

Raga J. A., Raduan A., Blanco C. (1983a). Sobre La Presencia De Isocyamus delphinii (Guerin-Meneville 1836) (Amphipoda: Cyamidae) En Aguas Del Mediterráneo Español. Actas del I Congreso Ibérico de Entomologia, Facultad de Biología. León 1 (2), 627–630.

Google Scholar

Raga J. A., Raduan M. A., Blanco C., Carbonell E. (1983b). Étude Parasitologique Du Dauphin Bleu Et Blanc Stenella Coeruleoalba Dans La Mediterranée Occidentale Vol. 28 (Monaco:Rapport P.-V Réunions—Commission Internationale pour l’Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranée), 211–212.

Google Scholar

Raga J. A., Sanpera C. (1986). Ectoparásitos Y Epizoítos De Balaenoptera Physalus (L. 1758) En Aguas Atlánticas Ibéricas. Inv. Pesq. 50, 489–498.

Google Scholar

Rajaguru A., Shantha G. (1992). Association Between the Sessile Barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis (Coronulidae) and the Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops Truncatus (Delphinidae) From the Bay of Bengal, India, With a Summary of Previous Records From Cetaceans. Fish. Bull. 90 (1), 197–202.

Google Scholar

Rappé G. (1985). Isocyamus delphinii (Guérin 1836), Eerste Vondst Van Een Walvisluis (Amphipoda, Cyamidae) Aan Onze Kust. Strandvlo 5 (3), 63–65.

Google Scholar

Rappé G. (1988). Een Vondst Van Xenobalanus globicipitis in De Noordzee? Strandvlo 8 (2), 100–101.

Google Scholar

Rappé G. (1991). “Isocyamus delphinii (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Cyamidae), a Possible Biological Indicator in the North Sea,” in European Research on Cetaceans. Eds. Evans P. G. H., Aguilar A., Smeenk C. (Palma de Mallorca: Proceedings of the fourth annual conference of the European Cetacean Society), 121–122.

Google Scholar

Rappé G., Van Waerebeek K. (1988). “Xenobalanus globicipitis (Crustacea: Cirripedia) on Cetaceans in the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean: A Review,” in European Research on Cetaceans. Ed. Evans P. G. H. (Lisboa: European Cetacean Society), 75–78.

Google Scholar

Rasmussen T. (1980). Notes on the Biology of the Shipfouling Gooseneck Barnacle Conchoderma auritum Linnaeus 1776 (Cirripedia; Lepadomorpha). Biol. Mar. 2, 37–44.

Google Scholar

Raupach M. J., Barco A., Steinke D., Beermann J., Laakmann S., Mohrbeck I., et al. (2015). The Application of DNA Barcodes for the Identification of Marine Crustaceans From the North Sea and Adjacent Regions. PloS One 10 (9), E0139421. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139421

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rech S., Borrell Pichs Y. J., Garcia-Vazquez E. (2018). Anthropogenic Marine Litter Composition in Coastal Areas may be a Predictor of Potentially Invasive Rafting Fauna. PloS One 13 (1), e0191859. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191859

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Reddacliff G. (1988). “Crater Wounds in Marine Mammals” in Marine Mammals of Australasia: Field Biology and Captive Management, ed. Augee M. L.(Sydney: Royal Society of New South Wales), 133–134. doi: 10.7882/RZSNSW.1988.008

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Reeb D., Best P. B., Kidson S. H. (2007). Structure of the Integument of Southern Right Whales, Eubalaena Australis. Anatom. Rec. 290, 596–613. doi: 10.1002/ar.20535

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rees G. (1953). A Record of Some Parasitic Worms From Whales in the Ross Sea Area. Parasitology 43, 27–34. doi: 10.1017/S003118200001831X

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Renaud C. B. (2011). Lampreys of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Lamprey Species Known to Date (Rome: Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes, FAO).

Google Scholar

Renaud C. B. (2019). “Family Petromyzontidae–Lampreys, Lamproies,” in Marine Fishes of Arctic CanadaCoad B. W., Reist J. D. (Toronto/Buffalo/London: University of Toronto Press), 164–167. doi: 10.3138/9781442667297-023

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Renner M., Bell K. (2009). A White Killer Whale in the Central Aleutians. ARCTIC 61 (1), 102. doi: 10.14430/arctic10

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Resendes A. R., Juan-Sallés C., Almeria S., Majó N., Domingo M., Dubey J. P. (2002). Hepatic Sarcocystosis in a Striped Dolphin (Stenella Coeruleoalba) From the Spanish Mediterranean Coast. J. Parasitol. 88 (1), 206–209. doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0206:HSIASD]2.0.CO;2

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Reyes J. C., Van Waerebeek K. (1995). Aspects of the Biology of Burmeister’s Porpoise From Peru. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 16, 349–364.

Google Scholar

Ribeiro F. B., Carvalho V. L., Bevilaqua C. M. L., Bezerra L. E. A. (2010). First Record of Xenobalanus globicipitis (Cirripedia: Coronulidae) on Stenella Coeruleoalba (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in the Oligotrophic Waters of North-Eastern Brazil. Mar. Biodivers. Rec. 3, 1–5. doi: 10.1017/S1755267209991151

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rice D. W. (1963). Progress Report on Biological Studies of the Larger Cetacea in the Waters Off California. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tid. 52 (7), 181–187.

Google Scholar

Rice D. (1977). Synopsis of Biological Data on the Sei Whale and Bryde’s Whale in the Eastern North Pacific. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 1, 333–336.

Google Scholar

Rice D. W. (1978). “Blue Whale,” in Marine Mammals of Eastern North Pacific and Arctic Waters. Ed. Haley D. (Washington: Pacific Search Press), 30–35.

Google Scholar

Rice D. W., Caldwell D. K. (1961). Observations on the Habits of the Whale Sucker (Remilegia Australis). Norsk Hvalfangsttid. 5, 181–189.

Google Scholar

Rice D. W., Wolman A. A. (1971). The Life History and Ecology of the Gray Whale (Eschrichtius Robustus). Am. Soc. Mammal. 3, 142 pp. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.39537

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Richard J. (1936). Résultats Des Campagnes Scientifiques Accomplies Sur Son Yacht Par Albert 1er Prince Souverain De Monaco. Fascicule XCIV 94, 34–71.

Google Scholar

Richard J., Neuville H. (1897). Sur Quelques Cétacés Observés Pendant Les Campagnes Du Yacht Princesse Alice Vol. 10 (Paris: Memoires de la Societeí Zoologique de France), 100–109.

Google Scholar

Ridgway S. H., Linder E., Mahoney K. A., Newman W. A. (1997). Grey Whale Barnacles Cryptolepas Rhachianecti Infest White Whales, Delphinapterus Leucas, Housed in San Diego Bay. Bull. Mar. Sci. 61, 377–385.

Google Scholar

Risch D., Norris T., Curnock M., Friedlaender A. (2019). Common and Antarctic Minke Whales: Conservation Status and Future Research Directions. Front. Mar. Sci. 6. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00247

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rittmaster K. A., Bowles N. L., Mallon-Day S. G. R. B., Odell D. K. (1999). “Xenobalanus Barnacles on Tursiops Dorsal Fins in Beaufort, North Carolina,” in Wailea: 13th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, 158 pp.

Google Scholar

Rodríguez-López M. A., Mignucci-Giannoni A. A. (1999). A Stranded Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa Attenuata) in Puerto Rico. Aquat. Mamm. 25 (2), 119–121.

Google Scholar

Roest A. I. (1970). Kogia Simus and Other Cetaceans From San Luis Obispo County, California. J. Mammal. 51 (2), 410–417. doi: 10.2307/1378507

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Román-Reyes J. C., Ortega-García S., Galván-Magaña F., Grano-Maldonado M. I. (2019). First Record of Pennella Filosa L. (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Pennellidae) Parasitising the Yellowfin Tuna Thunnus Albacares (Bonnaterre 1788) From the Mexican Pacific Coast. Neotrop. Helminthol. 13 (1), 109–114. doi: 10.24039/rnh2019131628

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ronje E. I., Whitehead H. R., Piwetz S., Mullin K. D. (2018). Field Summary for Common Bottlenose Dolphin Surveys on the Texas, Gulf of Mexico Ciast 2014-2016. NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center reference document PRBD‐2018‐02. Pascagoula: US Department of Commerce.

Google Scholar

Rose M., Hamon M. (1953). A Propos De Pennella Varians Steenstrup Et Lütken 1861, Parasite Des Branchies De Céphalopodes. Bull. Soc Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 44, 172–183.

Google Scholar

Ross G. J. B. (1984). The Smaller Cetaceans of the South East Coast of Southern Africa. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist. 15, 173–410.

Google Scholar

Ross G. J., Heinsohn G. E., Cockcroft V. G. (1994). “Humpback Dolphins Sousa Chinensis (Osbeck 1765), Sousa Plumbea (G. Cuvier 1829) and Sousa Teuszii (Kukenthal 1892),” in Handbook of Marine Mammals, vol. 5 . Eds. Ridgway S. H., Harrison R. J. (London: Academic Press), 23–42.

Google Scholar

Rosso M., Ballardini M., Moulins A., Würtz M. (2011). Natural Markings of Cuvier's Beaked Whale Ziphius cavirostris in the Mediterranean Sea. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 33 (1), 45–57. doi: 10.2989/1814232X.2011.572336

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rotstein D. S., Burdett L. G., McLellan W., Schwacke L., Rowles T., Terio K. A., et al. (2009). Lobomycosis in Offshore Bottle Nose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus), North Carolina. Emerging Infect. Dis. 15, 588–590. doi: 10.3201/eid1504.081358

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Roussel de Vauzème D. M. (1834). Mémoire Sur Le Cyamus Ceti (Latr.) De La Classe Des Crustacés. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zoo. 1, 239–265. doi: 10.5962/bhl.part.25117

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rowntree V. (1983). Cyamids: The Louse That Moored. Whalewatcher. J. Am. Cetacean Soc 17, 14–17.

Google Scholar

Rowntree V. J. (1996). Feeding, Distribution, and Reproductive Behavior of Cyamids (Crustacea: Amphipoda) Living on Humpback and Right Whales. Can. J. Zool. 74, 103–109. doi: 10.1139/z96-014

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sakai Y., Hayashi R., Murata K., Yamada T., Asakawa M. (2009). Records of Barnacle, Xenobalanus globicipitis Steenstrup 1851 and Whale Lice, Cyamus Sp. From a Wild Killer Whale Captured in the Western North Pacific, Off Kii Peninsula, Japan. Japanese J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 14, 81–84. doi: 10.5686/jjzwm.14.81

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sakai M., Hishii T., Takeda S., Kohshima S. (2006). Flipper Rubbing Behaviors in Wild Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Aduncus). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 22, 966–978. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00082.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Samaras W. F. (1989). New Host Record for the Barnacle Cryptolepas rhachianecti Dall, 1872 (Balanomorpha: Coronulidae). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 5, 84–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1989.tb00216.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Samarra I. P. F., Fennell A., Deecke F. B., Miller J. O. (2012). Persistence of Skin Marks on Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) Caused by the Parasitic Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon Marinus). Iceland. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 28, 395–409. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00486.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sanciangco M. D., Carpenter K. E., Betancur R. ,. R. (2016). Phylogenetic Placement of Enigmatic Percomorph Families (Teleostei: Percomorphaceae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 94 (PT B), 565–576. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.006

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Santos M. C., Sazima I. (2005). The Sharksucker (Echeneis Naucrates) Attached to a Tucuxi Dolphin (Sotalia Guianensis) in Estuarine Waters in South-Eastern Brazil. JMBA2-Biodivers. Rec., 1, 1–3. doi: 10.1017/S1755267205000746.

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sars G. O. (1866). “Beskrivelse Af En Ved Lofoten Indbjerget Erhval (Balaenoptera Musculus)” Forhandlinger I Videnskabs-Selskabet I Christiana. 280.

Google Scholar

Sars G. O. (1880). Fortsatte Bidrag Til Kundskaben Om Vore Bardehvaler. Finnhvalen. Og ,Knölhvalen (Kristiania: Videnskabsselskabs Selskab ), 12.

Google Scholar

Sars (1890-1895). An Account of the Crustacea of Norway, With Short Descriptions and Figures of All Species Christiania: A. Cammermeyer., Vol. 1. 3–711. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.1164

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sars G. O. (1895). An Account of the Crustacea of Norway: Amphipoda Vol. 1 and 2 (Copenhagen: A. Cammermeyer).

Google Scholar

Savage K. N., Burek-Huntington K., Wright S. K., Bryan A. L., Sheffield G., Webber M., et al. (2021). Stejneger's Beaked Whale Strandings in Alaska 1995–2020. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 37, 843–869. doi: 10.1111/mms.12780

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sazima I., Grossman A. (2006). Turtle Riders: Remoras on Marine Turtles in Southwest Atlantic. Neotrop. Ichthyol. 4 (1), 123–126. doi: 10.1590/S1679-62252006000100014

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Scammon C. M. (1874). The Marine Mammals of the Northwestem Coast of North America (San Francisco: John M. Carmany).

Google Scholar

Scarff J. E. (1986). Occurrence of the Barnacles Coronula Diadema, C. Reginae and Cetopirus Complanatus (Cirripedia) on Right Whales. Sci. Rep.Whales Res. Inst. 37, 129–153.

Google Scholar

Scharff R. F. (1913). The Whale-Fishery in Ireland. Ir. Nat. J. 22 (8), 145–147.

Google Scholar

Scheffer V. B. (1939). Organisms Collected From Whales in the Aleutian Islands. Murrelet 20 (3), 67–69. doi: 10.2307/3533790

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Schell D., Rowntree V., Pfeiffer C. J. (2000). Stable-Isotope and Electron-Microscopic Evidence That Cyamids (Crustacea: Amphipoda) Feed on Whale Skin. Can. J. Zool. 78 (5), 721–727. doi: 10.1139/z99-249

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Schiffer P. H., Herbig H. G. (2016). Endorsing Darwin: Global Biogeography of the Epipelagic Goose Barnacles Lepas Spp. (Cirripedia, Lepadomorpha) Proves Cryptic Speciation. Zool. J. Linn. Soc 177 (3), 507–525. doi: 10.1111/zoj.12373

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Schmidt G. D., Roberts L. S. (2009). “Parasitic Crustaceans” in Foundations of Parasitology. Eds. Schmidt G. D., Roberts L. S. (New York: McGraw-Hill), 537–559.

Google Scholar

Schuchert P. (2021)World Hydrozoa Database. In: Obelia Dichotoma (Linnaeus 1758). Available at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=117386 (Accessed September 28, 2021).

Google Scholar

Schuurmans-Stekhoven J. H., van Oorde-de Lint G. (1936). “Copepoda Parasitica,” in Grimpe Wagler, Tierwelt Der Nord- Und Ostsee. Liefg, 31.

Google Scholar

Scordino J. J., Gosho M., Gearin P. J., Akmajian A., Calambokidis J., Wright N. (2017). Individual Gray Whale Use of Coastal Waters Off Northwest Washington During the Feeding Season 1984–2011: Implications for Management. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 16, 57–69.

Google Scholar

Sedlak-Weinstein E. (1991). Three New Records of Cyamids (Amphipoda) From Australian Cetaceans. Crustaceana 60 (1), 90–104. doi: 10.1163/156854091X00290

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sedlak-Weinstein E. (1992a). The Occurrence of a New Species of Isocyamus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) From Australian and Japanese Pilot Whales, With a Key to Species of Isocyamus. J. Nat. Hist. 26, 937–946. doi: 10.1080/00222939200770561

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sedlak-Weinstein E. (1992b). A New Species of Isocyamus (Amphipoda: Cyamidae) From Kogia Breviceps (De Blainville 1838) in Australian Waters. Sist. Parasitol. 23, 1–6. doi: 10.1007/BF00008001

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Seger J., Smith W. A., Perry J. J., Hunn J., Kaliszewska Z. A., Sala L. L., et al. (2010). Gene Genealogies Strongly Distorted by Weakly Interfering Mutations in Constant Environments. Genetics 184 (2), 529–545. doi: 10.1534/genetics.109.103556

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Seilacher A. (2005). Whale Barnacles: Exaptational Access to a Forbidden Paradise. Paleobiology 31, 27–35. doi: 10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0027:WBEATA]2.0.CO;2

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sekiguchi K., Klages N. T. W., Best P. B. (1996). The Diet of Strap-Toothed Whales (Mesoplodon Layardii). J. Zool. 239 (3), 453–463. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05935.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sekiguchi K., Klages N., Findlay K. (1993). Feeding Habits and Possible Movements of Southern Bottlenose Whales (Hyperodon Planifrons). Proc. NIPR Symp. Polar Biol. 6, 84–97.

Google Scholar

Sergeant D. E. (1962). The Biology of the Pilot or Pothead Whale. Globicephala Melaena (Traill) in Newfoundland Waters. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 132, 84.

Google Scholar

Sergeant D. E., Fisher H. D. (1957). The Smaller Cetacea of Eastern Canadian Waters. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 14 (1), 83–115. doi: 10.1139/f57-003

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Shane S. (1978). Suckerfish Attached to a Bottlenose Dolphin in Texas. J. Mammal. 59 (2), 439–440. doi: 10.2307/1379936

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sherchenko V. (1970). Puzzling White Scars on Whale Body. Priroda 6, 72–73. [In Russian].

Google Scholar

Siciliano S., Cardoso J., Francisco A., De Souza S. P., Hauser-Davis R. A., Iwasa-Arai T. (2020). Epizoic Barnacle (Xenobalanus globicipitis) Infestations in Several Cetacean Species in South-Eastern Brazil. Mar. Biol. Res. 16, 1–13. doi: 10.1080/17451000.2020.1783450

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Silva S., Araújo M. J., Bao M., Mucientes G., Cobo F. (2014). The Haematophagous Feeding Stage of Anadromous Populations of Sea Lamprey Petromyzon Marinus: Low Host Selectivity and Wide Range of Habitats. Hydrobiologia 734 (1), 187–199. doi: 10.1007/s10750-014-1879-4

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Silva-Brum I. N. (1985). “Primeira Ocorrência No Brasil De Duas Espécies Da Família Coronulidae Leach 1825 (Cirripedia),” in Resumos do In Campinas, Brazil, 55.

Google Scholar

Silva S., Servia M. J., Vieira-Lanero R., Barca S., Cobo F. (2013). Life Cycle of the Sea Lamprey Petromyzon Marinus: Duration of and Growth in the Marine Life Stage. Aquat. Biol. 18 (1), 59–62. doi: 10.3354/ab00488

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Silva D., Young R. F., Lavin A., O'Shea C., Murray E. (2020). Abundance and Seasonal Distribution of the Southern North Carolina Estuarine System Stock (USA) of Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus). J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 21 (1), 33–43. doi: 10.47536/jcrm.v21i1.175

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Silver M. R., Kawauchi H., Nozaki M., Sower S. A. (2004). Cloning and Analysis of the Lamprey GnRH-III cDNA From Eight Species of Lamprey Representing the Three Families of Petromyzoniformes. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 139 (1), 85–94. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.07.011

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Skaramuca D., Skaramuca B., Dulčić J. (2009). Record of a Live Sharksucker, Echeneis Naucrates (Osteichthyes: Echeneidae) From the South-Eastern Adriatic (Croatian Coast). Mar. Biodivers. Rec. 2, e80. doi: 10.1017/s1755267209000694

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Skerman T. M. (1958). Rates of Growth in Two Species of Lepas (Cirripedia). N. Z. J. Sci. 1, 402–411.

Google Scholar

Skrjabin A. S. (1959). “New Helminth Species From Marine Mammals in the Pacific Ocean and Far-East Sea,” in Izvestiya Krimskovo Pedagogicheskogo Instituta M. V. Frunze, vol. 34. , 99–118. [In Russian].

Google Scholar

Slijper E. J. (1962). Whales (London: Hutchinson).

Google Scholar

Smiddy P. (1986). Bottle-Nosed Whale Hyperdoon Ampullatus (Forster). Ir. Nat. J. 22, 165.

Google Scholar

Smiddy P., Berrow S. D. (1992). Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski). Ir. Nat. J. 24 (4), 162.

Google Scholar

Smit N. J., Bruce N. L., Hadfield K. A. (2014). Global Diversity of Fish Parasitic Isopod Crustaceans of the Family Cymothoidae. Int. J. Parasitol.: Parasites Wildl. 3 (2), 188–197. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.03.004

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Smit N. J., Bruce N. L., Hadfield K. A. (2019). Introduction to Parasitic Crustacea: State of Knowledge and Future Trends. Zool. Monogr. 30, 1–6. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-17385-2_1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Smyth J. D. (1962). Introduction to Animal Parasitology (London: The English Universities Press Ltd).

Google Scholar

Sokolov V. E., Arsen'ev V. A. (2006). Baleen Whales of Russia and Adjacent Regions (Washington, DC: Science Publishers).

Google Scholar

Soto J. M. R. (2001). Annotated Systematic Checklist and Bibliography of the Coastal and Oceanic Fauna of Brazil. I. Sharks. Mare Magnum 1 (1), 51–120.

Google Scholar

Souza S. P., Siciliano S., Cuenca S., Sanctis B. (2005). A True’s Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon Mirus) on the Coast of Brazil: Adding a New Beaked Whale Species to the Western Tropical Atlantic and South America. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res. 4 (2), 129–136. doi: 10.5597/lajam00077

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Spaul E. A. (1964). Deformity in the Lower Jaw of the Sperm Whale (Physeter Catodon). Proc. Zool. Soc Lond. 142, 391–395. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1964.tb04505.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Spice E. K., Whitesel T. A., McFarlane C. T., Docker M. F. (2011). Characterization of 12 Microsatellite Loci for the Pacific Lamprey, Entosphenus Tridentatus (Petromyzontidae), and Cross-Amplification in Five Other Lamprey Species. Genet. Mol. Res. 10 (4), 3246–3250. doi: 10.4238/2011.December.22.2

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Spivey H. R. (1977). Those Tenacious Travelers of Florida’s Atlantic Coast. Florida Nat. 50, 6–10.

Google Scholar

Spivey H. R. (1980). Occurrence of the Balanamorph Barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis Steenstrup 1851 (Coronulidae) on the Atlantic Bottlenosed Dolphin, Tursiops Truncatus in the Gulf of Mexico. Florida Sci. 43 (4), 292–293.

Google Scholar

Steenstrup J. J. S. (1852). “Om Xenobalanus globicipitis, En Ny Cirriped-Slaegt Af Coronula Familien,” in Vidensk. Medd. Dan. Naturh. Foren., 62–64.

Google Scholar

Steenstrup J. J. S., Lütken C. F. (1861). Bidrag Til Kundskab Om Det Aabne Havs Snyltekrebs Og Lernæer Samt Om Nogle Andre Nye Eller Hidtil Kun Ufuldstændigt Kjendte Parasitiske Copepoder. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, Naturhistorisk Og Mathematisk Afdeling. Kjöbenhavn 5)5, 343–432. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.59539

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Stephensen K. (1938). Cirripedia (Including Rhizocephala). Zoology Iceland 3, 1–11.

Google Scholar

Stephensen K. (1940). Parasitic and Semiparasitic Copepoda. Zool Iceland 34, 24.

Google Scholar

Stephensen K. (1942). The Amphipoda of Norway and Spitzbergen With Adjacent Waters. Fasx. IY. Tromso Mus. Skrift. 3 (4), 363–526.

Google Scholar

Stimmelmayr R., Gulland F. (2020). Gray Whale (Eschrichtius Robustus) Health and Disease: Review and Future Directions. Front. Mar. Sci. 7. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.588820

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Stock J. H. (1973a). Whale-Lice (Amphipoda: Cyamidae) in Dutch Waters. Bull. Zool. Mus. Univ. Amsterdam 3 (12), 73–77.

Google Scholar

Stock J. H. (1973b). Een Bruinvis Met Luizen. Levende Natuur 76, 107–109.

Google Scholar

Stock J. H. (1977). Whale-Lice (Amphipoda, Cyamidae) on Lagenorhynchus Albirostris in Dutch Waters. Crustaceana 32 (2), 206. doi: 10.1163/156854077X00601

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Stubbings H. G. (1965). West African Cirripedia in the Collection of the Institut Français D’afrique Noire, Dakar, Senegal. Bull. l’Institut Fran. d’Afrique Noire 27, 876–907.

Google Scholar

Sullivan R., Houck W. (1979). Sightings and Strandings of Cetaceans From Northern California. J. Mamm. 60 (4), 828–833. doi: 10.2307/1380200

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Suyama S., Miyamoto H., Fuji T., Tamura T., Shiozaki K., Ohshimo S., et al. (2021a). Infection by the parasitic copepod Pennella sp. induces mortality in the Pacific saury Cololabis saira. Fish. Sci. 87 (3), 187–202. doi: 10.1007/s12562-020-01490-6

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Suyama S., Yanagimoto T., Nakai K., Tamura T., Shiozaki K., Ohshimo S., et al. (2021b). A Taxonomic Revision of Pennella Oken, 1815 based on morphology and genetics (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Pennellidae). J. Crust. Biol. 41 (3), ruab040. doi: 10.1093/jcbiol/ruab040

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Swartz S. L. (1981). Cleaning Symbiosis Between Topsmelt, Atherinops Affinis, and Gray Whale, Eschrichtius Robustus, in Laguna San Ignacio, Baja California Sur. Mexico. F. Bull. 79, 360.

Google Scholar

Symons H. W., Weston R. D. (1958). Studies on the Humpback Whale (Megaptera Nodosa) in the Bellinghausen Sea. Norsk Hvalfangsttid. 47 (2), 53–81.

Google Scholar

Tørud B., Håstein T. (2008). Skin Lesions in Fish: Causes and Solutions. Acta Vet. Scand. 50, S7. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-S1-S7

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Tajima Y., Maeda K., Yamada T. K. (2015). Pathological Findings and Probable Causes of the Death of Stejneger’s Beaked Whales (Mesoplodon Stejnegeri) Stranded in Japan From 1999 and 2011. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 13, 454. doi: 10.1292/jvms.13-0454

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Takeda M., Ogino M. (2005). Record of a Whale Louse, Cyamus Scammoni Dall (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Cyamidae), From the Gray Whale Strayed Into Tokyo Bay, the Pacific Coast of Japan. Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus. 31 (4), 151–156.

Google Scholar

Takemoto R. M., Luque J. L. (2002). Parasitic Copepods on Oligoplites Spp. (Osteichthyes, Carangidae) From the Brazilian Coastal Zone, With the Redescription of Tuxophorus Caligodes Wilson 1908 (Siphonostomatoida, Tuxophoridae). Acta Scientiarum. Biol. Sci. 24 (2), 481–487.

Google Scholar

Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery (2020) Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery Provider for OZCAM. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1806052502 (Accessed May 14, 2021).

Google Scholar

Taylor L., O’Dea A., Bralower T., Finnegan S. (2019). Isotopes From Fossil Coronulid Barnacle Shells Record Evidence of Migration in Multiple Pleistocene Whale Populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 116 (15), 7377–7381. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1808759116

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ten S., Pascual L., Pérez-Gabaldón M. I., Tomás J., Domènech F., Aznar F. J. (2019). Epibiotic Barnacles of Sea Turtles as Indicators of Habitat Use and Fishery Interactions: An Analysis of Juvenile Loggerhead Sea Turtles, Caretta Caretta, in the Western Mediterranean. Ecol. Indic. 107, 105672. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105672

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Terasawa F., Yamagami T., Kitamura M., Fujimoto A. (1997). A Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa Attenuata) Stranded at Sagami Bay, Japan. Aquat. Mamm. 23, 69–72.

Google Scholar

Terwilliger N. B., Ryan M. C. (2006). Functional and Phylogenetic Analyses of Phenoloxidases From Brachyuran (Cancer Magister) and Branchiopod (Artemia Franciscana, Triops Longicaudatus) Crustaceans. Biol. Bull. 210 (1), 38–50. doi: 10.2307/4134535

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Thiyagarajan V., Harder T., Qian P. Y. (2003). Combined Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Larval Development and Attachment of the Subtidal Barnacle Balanus Trigonus Darwin. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 287 (2), 223–236. doi: 10.1016/S0022-0981(02)00570-1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Tomilin A. G. (1957). Mammals of the SSSR and Adjacent Countries. Mammals of Eastern Europe and Adjacent Countries. Izdatel’stvo Akademi Nauk SSSR (Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations). [In Russian].

Google Scholar

Tomioka S., Kado R., Kakui K., Sato M. (2020). First Record of Conchoderma auritum (Linnaeus 1767) (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Lepadidae) From Rishiri Island. Rishiri Stud. 39, 7–10.

Google Scholar

Tonay A. M., Dede A. (2013). First Stranding Record of a Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena Phocoena) in the Southern Aegean Sea. Growth 19 (1), 132–137.

Google Scholar

Toth-Brown J., Hohn A. A. (2007). Occurrence of the Barnacle, Xenobalanus globicipitis, on Coastal Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) in New Jersey. Crustaceana 80 (10), 1271–1279. doi: 10.1163/156854007782321137

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Toth J. L., Hohn A. A., Able K. W., Gorgone A. M. (2012). Defining Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus) Stocks Based on Environmental, Physical, and Behavioral Characteristics. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 28 (3), 461–478. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00497.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Towers J. R., Mcmillan C. J., Malleson M., Hildering J., Ford J. K. B., Ellis G. M. (2013). Seasonal Movements and Ecological Markers as Evidence for Migration of Common Minke Whales Photo-Identified in the Eastern North Pacific. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 13, 221–229.

Google Scholar

Trilles J. P., Rameshkumar G., Ravichandran S. (2013). Nerocila Species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cymothoidae) From Indian Marine Fishes. Parasitol. Res. 112 (3), 1273–1286. doi: 10.1007/s00436-012-3263-5

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

True F. W. (1890). Observations of the Life History of the Bottlenose Porpoise. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 13, 197–203. doi: 10.5479/si.00963801.13-812.197

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Tsikhon-Lukanina V. A., Soldatova I. N., Kuznetsova I. A., Il'in I. I. (1977). Macrofouling Community in the Strait of Tunisia (Sicily). Oceanology 16, 519–522.

Google Scholar

Turner W. (1905). On Pennella Balænopteræ: A Crustacean, Parasitic on a Finner Whale, Balaenoptera Musculus. Earth. Environ. Sci. Trans. R. Soc Edinb. 41 (2), 409–434. doi: 10.1017/S0080456800034487

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Uchida A. (1998). Prevalence of Parasites and Histopathology of Parasitisation in Minke Whales (Balaenoptera Acutorostrata) From the Western North Pacific Ocean and the Southern Sea of Okhotsk. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 48, 465–479. doi: 10.1016/S1383-5769(98)81064-7

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Uchida A., Araki J. (2000). Ectoparasites and Endoparasites in the Minke Whale (Balaenoptera Acutorostrata) From the North-Western Pacific Ocean. J. Japan Vet. Med. Assoc. 53 (2), 85–88. doi: 10.12935/jvma1951.53.85

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ueda K. (2020) Inaturalist Research-Grade Observations (iNaturalist.org). Available at: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2563485235 (Accessed June 4, 2021). doi: 10.3897/biss.4.59133

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Urian K. W., Kaufmann R., Waples D. M., Read A. J. (2019). The Prevalence of Ectoparasitic Barnacles Discriminates Stocks of Atlantic Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) at Risk of Entanglement in Coastal Gill Net Fisheries. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 35 (1), 290–299. doi: 10.1111/mms.12522

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Van Bree P. J. H. (1971). The Rabbit-Eared Barnacle, Conchoderma auritum, on the Teeth of the Dolphin Stenella Frontalis. Z. f. Saugetierkunde 36 (5), 316–317.

Google Scholar

Van Bree P. J. H., Smeenk C. (1978). Strandingen Van Cetacea Op De Nederlandse Kust in 1976 En 1977. Lutra 20 (1-3), 13–18.

Google Scholar

Van Bressem M., Raga A., Di Guardo G., Jepson P., Duignan P., Siebert U., et al. (2009). Emerging Infectious Diseases in Cetaceans Worldwide and the Possible Role of Environmental Stressors. Dis. Aquat. Org. 86, 143–157. doi: 10.3354/dao02101

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Van Oorde-de Lint G., Schuurmans-Stekhoven J. H.. (2009). Copepoda parasitica. Tierwelt der Nord- und OstseeGrimpe G., Wagler E. (Leipzig: Geest & Portig)

Google Scholar

Van Waerebeek K., Hazevoet C. J., López Suarez P., Rodrigues M. S. D., Gatt G. (2008). Preliminary Findings on the Mass Stranding of Melon-Headed Whale Peponocephala Electra on Boavista Island in November 2007, With Notes on Other Cetaceans From the Cape Verde Islands. Technical Report (Fondation Internationale du Banc d’Arguin).

Google Scholar

Van Waerebeek K., Reyes J. C., Alfaro J. (1993). Helminth Parasites and Phoronts of Dusky Dolphins Lagenorhynchus Obscurus (Gray 1828) From Peru. Aquat. Mamm. 19, 159–159.

Google Scholar

Van Waerebeek K., Waerebeek K. V., Reyes J. C., Read A. J., McKinnon J. S. (1990). “Preliminary Observations of Bottlenose Dolphins From the Pacific Coast of South America,” in The Bottlenose Dolphin. Eds. Leatherwood S., Reeves R. (San Diego: Academic Press). doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-440280-5.50011-1

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Vargas-Bravo M. H., Elorriaga-Verplancken F. R., Olivos-Ortiz A., Morales-Guerrero B., Lin-Cabello M. A., Ortega-Ortiz C. D. (2020). Ecological Aspects of Killer Whales From the Mexican Central Pacific Coast: Revealing a New Ecotype in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 37, 1–16. doi: 10.1111/mms.12748

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Vecchione A. (1994). Pennella Parasite in Stenella Coeruleoalba. Italian Marine Ecosystem of the Coast of Latium (Seminario Internazionale di Studi di Ecosistema Marino 96-98).

Google Scholar

Vecchione A., Aznar F. J. (2014). The Mesoparasitic Copepod Pennella balaenopterae and its Significance as a Visible Indicator of Health Status in Dolphins (Delphinidae): A Review. J. Mar. Anim. Ecol. 7 (4), 4–11.

Google Scholar

Verrill A. E. (1902). The Bermuda Islands (New Haven, Ct: Published by the author).

Google Scholar

Vervoort W., Tranter D. (1961). Balaenophilus Unisetus P.O.C. Aurivillius (Copepoda Harpacticoida) From the Southern Hemisphere. Crustaceana 3 (1), 70–84. doi: 10.1163/156854061X00545

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Vidal O., Brownell R. L. Jr., Findley L. T. (1999). “Vaquita,” in Handbook of Marine Mammals. Eds. Ridgway S. H., Harrison R. J. (London: Academic Press).

Google Scholar

Visser I. N. (1999). Propeller Scars on and Known Home Range of Two Orca (Orcinus Orca) in New Zealand Waters. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 33 (4), 635–642. doi: 10.1080/00288330.1999.9516906

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Visser I. N., Cooper T., Grimm H. (2020). Duration of Pseudo-Stalked Barnacles (Xenobalanus globicipitis) on a New Zealand Pelagic Ecotype Orca (Orcinus Orca), With Comments on Cookie Cutter Shark Bite Marks (Isistius Sp.); can They be Used as Biological Tags? Biod. J. 11 (4), 1067–1086. doi: 10.31396/biodiv.jour.2020.11.4.1067.1086

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Visser I. N., Zaeschmar J., Halliday J., Abraham A., Ball P., Bradley R., et al. (2010). First Record of Predation on False Killer Whales (Pseudorca Crassidens) by Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca). Aquat. Mamm. 36 (2), 195–204. doi: 10.1578/AM.36.2.2010.195

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Vollmer N., Ashe E., Brownell R., Cipriano F., Mead J., Reeves R., et al. (2010). Taxonomic revision of the dolphin genus Lagenorhynchus. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 36(3), 957–1057. doi: 10.1111/mms.12573

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Von Duyke A., Stimmelmayr R., Sheffield G., Sformo T., Givens G., George J. (2016). Prevalence and Abundance of Cyamid “Whale Lice” (Cyamus Ceti) on Subsistence Harvested Bowhead Whales (Balaena Mysticetus). ARCTIC 69 (4), 331. doi: 10.14430/arctic4593

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Vosseler J. (1889). Amphipoden Und Isopoden Von Spitzbergen. Arch. Naturgesch. 55, 151–162.

Google Scholar

Wada S., Oishi M., Yamada T. K. (2003). A Newly Discovered Species of Living Baleen Whale. Nature 426, 278–281. doi: 10.1038/nature02103

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Walker L. M. (1981). Reproductive Biology and Development of a Marine Harpacticoid Copepod Reared in the Laboratory. J. Crust. Biol. 1 (3), 376–388. doi: 10.2307/1547969

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Walker W. A., Hanson M. B. (1999). Biological Observations on Stejneger’s Beaked Whale, Mesoplodon Stejnegeri, From Strandings on Adak Alaska. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 15 (4), 1314–1329. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00893.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wallace B. (1977). Cover Photo. Sea Front. 23, (3).

Google Scholar

Waller G. N. H. (1989). Two New Species of Whale Lice (Cyamidae) From the Ziphioid Whale Berardius Bairdii. Invest. Cet. 22, 292–297.

Google Scholar

Walter T. C., Boxshall G. (2020) World of Copepods Database. Caligidae Burmeister. Available at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p-taxdetails&id=135566 (Accessed June 3, 2021).

Google Scholar

Wardle W. J., Haney T. A., Worthy G. A. J. (2000). New Host Record for the Whale Louse Isocyamus delphinii (Amphipoda, Cyamidae). Crustaceana 73, 639–641. doi: 10.1163/156854000504615

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Watson A., Gee L. E. (2005). Laryngeal Displacement and Asphyxiation by a Beheaded Sheepshead (Archosargus Probatocephalus) in a Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus). Aquat. Mamm. 31, 447–452. doi: 10.1578/AM.31.4.2005.447

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Watson A. G., Stein L. E., Marshall C., Henry G. A. (1994). Polydactyly in a Bottlenose Dolphin, Tursiops Truncatus. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 10 (1), 93–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1994.tb00393.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wegner N. C., Cartamil D. P. (2012). Effects of Prolonged Entanglement in Discarded Fishing Gear With Substantive Biofouling on the Health and Behavior of an Adult Shortfin Mako Shark, Isurus Oxyrinchus. Mar. Poll. Bull. 64 (2), 391–394. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.11.017

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Weir C. R. (2010). Cetaceans Observed in the Coastal Waters of Namibe Province, Angola, During Summer and Winter 2008. Mar. Biodivers. Rec. 3, e27. doi: 10.1017/S1755267210000230

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Welch J. (2017). Mouthline Pigmentation Loss and Fisheries Associated Injuries of Rough-Toothed Dolphins (Steno bredanensis) in Hawaii. [Ph.D. Thesis] (Chicago (IL: Evergreen State College).

Google Scholar

Weller D., Würsig B., Bradford A. L., Burdin A. M., Blokhin A. S., Minakuchi H., et al. (1999). Gray Whales (Eschrichtius Robustus) Off Sakhalin Island, Russia: Seasonal and Annual Patterns of Occurrence. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 15, 1208–1227. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00886.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wellington G. M., Anderson S. (1978). Surface Feeding by a Juvenile Gray Whale, Eschrichtius Robustus. Fish. Bull. 76, 290–293.

Google Scholar

Weltner W. (1897). Verzeichnis Der Bisher Beschriebene Recenten Cirripedienarten. Mit Angabe Der Im Berliner Museum Vorhandenen Species Und Ihrer Fundorte. Archiv fuür Naturgeschichte 63, 227–280.

Google Scholar

Werner J. W.E. (1967). The Distribution and Ecology of the Barnacle Balanus Trigonus. Bull. Mar. Sci. 17 (1), 64–84.

Google Scholar

Whales and Dolphins Package - CW Azores (2021). Available at: https://www.cwazores.com/whales-and-dolphins-package (Accessed August 16, 2021).

Google Scholar

Wheeler E., McIntosh H. (2018) Royal BC Museum - Invertebrates Collection. Version 1.1. Royal British Columbia Museum. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1898261060 (Accessed May 4, 2021).

Google Scholar

Whitehead T. O., Rollinson D. P., Reisinger R. R. (2014). Pseudostalked Barnacles Xenobalanus globicipitis Attached to Killer Whales Orcinus Orca in South African Waters. Mar. Biodivers. Rec. 45, 873–876. doi: 10.1007/s12526-014-0296-2

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Whiteman N. K., Parker P. G. (2005). Using Parasites to Infer Host Population History: A New Rationale for Parasite Conservation. Animal Conservation Forum. Anim. Conserv. 8(2), 175–181. doi: 10.1017/S1367943005001915

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Widder E. A. A. (1998). Predatory Use of Counter Illumination by the Squaloid Shark, Isistius Brasiliensis. Environ. Biol. Fishes 53, 267–273. doi: 10.1023/A:1007498915860

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Williams J. E.H. (1978). Conchoderma Virgatum (Spengler) (Cirripedia, Thoracica) in Association With Dinemoura Latifolia (Steenstrup and Lutken) (Copepoda, Caligidea), a Parasite of the Shortfin Mako, Isurus Oxyrhynchus Rafinesque (Pisces, Chondrichthyes). Crustaceana 34, 109–111. doi: 10.1163/156854078X00655

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Williams E. H., Bunkley-Williams L. (2019). “Life Cycle and Life History Strategies of Parasitic Crustacea,” in Parasitic Crustacea (Cham: Springer), 179–266. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-17385-2_5

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Williams E. H. Jr., Williams L. B. (1986). The First Association of Conchoderma Virgatum (Spengler) (Cirripedia: Thoracica) With a Euryphodid Copepod in the Mouth of a Fish. Galaxea 5, 209–211.

Google Scholar

Wilson C. B. (1905). North American Parasitic Copepods Belonging to the Family Caligidae, 1: The Caliginae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28, 479–672. doi: 10.5479/si.00963801.28-1404.479

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wingert N., Milmann L., Baumgarten M., Danilewicz D., Sazima I., Ott P. H. (2021). Relationships Between Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) and Whalesuckers (Remora Australis) at a Remote Archipelago in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Aquat. Mamm. 47 (6), 585–598. doi: 10.1578/AM.47.6.2021.585

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wirtz P., Araujo R., Southward A. J. (2006). Cirripedia of Madeira. Helgoland Mar. Res. 60, 207–212. doi: 10.1007/s10152-006-0036-5

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wolff T. (1958). On the Rare Whale-Louse Platycyamus Thompsoni (Gosse) (Amphipoda, Cyamidae). Vidensk. Medd. Dansk naturh. Foren. 120, 1–14.

Google Scholar

Wolff T. (1960). Rankefodderne Conchoderma Og Coronula Pa Hvaler. Flora Fauna 66 (1), 1–8.

Google Scholar

Woodard J. C., Zam S. G., Caldwell D. K., Caldwell M. C. (1969). Some Parasitic Diseases of Dolphins. Pathol. Vet. 6, 257–272. doi: 10.1177/030098586900600307

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Woodward B. L., Winn J. P. (2006). Apparent Lateralized Behavior in Gray Whales Feeding Off the Central British Columbia Coast. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 22 (1), 64–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00006.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Worm O. (1655). Museum Wormianum. Amstelodami, Apud Ludouicum & Danielem Elzeririos.

Google Scholar

WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species (2021) Odontobius Ceti De Vauzème. Available at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=229481 (Accessed September 16, 2021).

Google Scholar

Yamaguchi R., Nakaya K. (1997). Fukuoka Megamouth, a Probable Victim of the Cookiecutter Shark. Biology of the Megamouth Shark (Tokyo: Tokai University Press), 171.

Google Scholar

Yamato S., Yusa Y., Tanase H. (1996). Distribution of Two Species of Conchoderma (Cirripedia: Thoracica) Over the Body of a Sea Snake, Laticauda Semifasciata (Reinwardt), From the Kii Peninsula, Southwestern Japan. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 37 (3-6), 337–343. doi: 10.5134/176259

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Yamazaki Y., Yokoyama R., Nishida M., Goto A. (2006). Taxonomy and Molecular Phylogeny of Lethenteron Lampreys in Eastern Eurasia. J. Fish Biol. 68 (SUPPL. B), 251–269. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.01070.x

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Young P. S. (1991). The Superfamily Coronuloidea Leach (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha) From the Brazilian Coast, With Redescription of Stomatolepas Species. Crustaceana 61, 190–212. doi: 10.1163/156854091X00678

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Yusa Y., Yoshikawa M., Kitaura J., Kawane M., Ozaki Y., Yamato S., et al. (2012). Adaptive Evolution of Sexual Systems in Pedunculate Barnacles. Proc. Biol. Sci. 279 (1730), 959–966. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1554

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zenkovich (Senkowitsch) B. A. (1956). Jagd Aud Meeresriesen Rund Um Die Welt Auf Walfang (Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus Verlag).

Google Scholar

Zettler M. L. (2021). An Example for Transatlantic Hitchhiking by Macrozoobenthic Organisms With a Research Vessel. Helgoland Mar. Res. 75 (1), 1–7. doi: 10.1186/s10152-021-00549-w

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zintzen V., Roberts C. D., Anderson M. J., Steward A. L., Struthers C. D., Harvey E. S. (2011). Hagfish Predatory Behavior and Slime Defence Mechanism. Sci. Rep. 1, 131. doi: 10.1038/srep00131

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zullo V. A. (1963). A Preliminary Report on the Systematics and Distribution of Barnacles (Cirripedia) of the Cape Cod Region. Massachusetts and Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Contribution, Vol. 3. 1–33.

Google Scholar

Keywords: epibiotic, fauna, cetacean, indicator, systematic review, checklist

Citation: Ten S, Raga JA and Aznar FJ (2022) Epibiotic Fauna on Cetaceans Worldwide: A Systematic Review of Records and Indicator Potential. Front. Mar. Sci. 9:846558. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.846558

Received: 31 December 2021; Accepted: 19 April 2022;
Published: 22 July 2022.

Edited by:

Roksana Majewska, North-West University, South Africa

Reviewed by:

Kristina Lehnert, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
Tammy Iwasa-Arai, State University of Campinas, Brazil

Copyright © 2022 Ten, Raga and Aznar. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: S. Ten, sofia.ten@uv.es

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.