Sedat Gündoğdu
Tony R. Walker
Bethanie Carney Almroth
Scott Coffin
Claire Gwinnett- 1Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
- 2School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- 3Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- 4California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA, United States
- 5Criminal Justice and Forensic Science Department, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
Editorial on the Research Topic
Alternatives to petroleum-based plastics as a potential solution to the global plastic pollution crisis in marine environments: Do they provide sustainable solutions?
Since the last century, humans and the environment have been deeply affected by petroleum-based materials, such as plastics and oil, as well as the pollutants from their derived products (chemicals and plasticizers) (Manfra et al., 2021). The widespread evidence of plastic pollution has resulted in an urgent need for new alternatives to curb the pollution of petroleum-based polymers (Ferreira-Filipe et al., 2021; Rosenboom et al., 2022). However, due to the many benefits and low cost of petroleum-based plastic, they have continued to shape industrial development and with a broad diversity of applications and have prevented wide-scale development and use of alternative plastics in the marketplace (Shaikh et al., 2021; Charlebois et al., 2022).
While plastic alternatives have a small but growing volume of production (~1-2%) in the industry, they are not a new idea and have a long history that is often overlooked or misunderstood (Altman, 2021). The misunderstandings that were expressed by Altman (2021) caused plastic alternatives not to be an alternative to conventional plastic and the planet to be faced with a “plastocene” age. This has re-directed a plastics strategy to reduce and reuse plastic materials and explore non-petroleum-based alternatives, including biobased and biodegradable polymers/plastics (BPs). However, whether this situation will reduce plastic pollution is still an issue that deserves discussion. This Research Topic is aimed at developing this discussion together with scientific studies. In this context, it has been discussed whether non-petroleum-based plastic alternatives can be a solution to marine plastic pollution.
In this Research Topic titled, ‘Alternatives to petroleum-based plastics as a potential solution to the global plastic pollution crisis in marine environments: Do they provide sustainable solutions?’ We invited contributions to address these broad research themes. Contributions to this Research Topic were mainly focussing on the degradability of bioplastics (e.g., Audrézet et al., 2022; Miksch et al., 2022; Pinnell et al., 2022; Phosri et al., 2022) and there was also a study by Garcia-Vazquez et al. (2022) promoting consumer behaviour to reduce the use of single-use plastics. Here we summarize, using a Word Cloud, the keywords used in these five studies published in this Research Topic (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Word cloud generated from the keywords from the five papers contributed toward this Frontiers in Marine Science Research Topic [generated through WordArt.com - Word Cloud Art Creator].
As with conventional plastics, waste generation and subsequent plastic pollution is also an important problem for alternative plastics. Therefore, the majority of papers published in this Research Topic have focused on the degradation of alternative plastic types in the environment. For example, Miksch et al. (2022) tested the enzymatic degradability of five bioplastic compounds using a rapid pH-Stat titration assay at environmentally relevant seawater temperatures and pH, but they found that the rate of enzymatic degradation was low, indicating only a marginal degradability of bioplastics in the marine environment. Similarly, Pinnell et al. (2022) measured the degradation rate of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) pellets in marine sediment and presented the long-term temporal changes in PHA-associated sulfate-reducing microorganism (SRM) communities. Pinnell et al. (2022) found that throughout the 424-day exposure, PHA was colonized by a distinct microbial community, while PET and ceramic were colonized by similarly structured communities. SRM comprised most of the overall community in PHA-associated biofilms compared to PET. Their study demonstrated that PHA degrades relatively slowly and promotes a long-term shift in microbial community structure toward SRM, indicating that this polymer can disrupt biogeochemical cycling to levels that would be classified as polluted in benthic marine ecosystems. Moreover, Bhosri et al. (2022) discussed the biodegradability of Polybutylene succinate (PBS) in the sand, under seawater and when floated on the seawater surface. Apart from these three contributions, a study focusing on ecosystem health and functioning, which is affected by the increased rates of plastic released into the marine environment, was also published within the scope of this Research Topic. Audrézet et al. (2022) discussed the succession of micro and macro fouling developed on biodegradable polymers enriched with oyster shells.
Other than the four studies focused on the degradability of bioplastics (e.g., Audrézet et al., 2022; Miksch et al., 2022; Pinnell et al., 2022; Phosri et al., 2022), there was one study by Garcia-Vazquez et al. (2022) to understand how consumer behaviour can help reduce the use of single-use plastics. In their study, Garcia-Vazquez et al. (2022) conducted a consumer awareness study in Spain and Mexico. They found that the main reason for consumer use of single-use plastic was the lack of available sustainable alternatives (Garcia-Vazquez et al., 2022). They also found that gender, age, and education strongly affected consumer willingness to use eco-friendly alternatives. These findings are also consistent with those reported in the literature (Walker et al., 2021; Kitz et al., 2022).
Overall, this Research Topic highlighted some of the barriers to consumer use of alternative plastics (e.g., the lack of availability in the marketplace compared to petroleum-based plastics). Conversely, studies in this Research Topic also highlight those alternative plastics are not the panacea solution to address the pervasive pollution problem created by petroleum-based plastics due to the lack of degradability in marine environments. Further, alternative plastics may also change microbial community structure in benthic marine environments from oxic to anoxic with the proliferation of SRM, resulting in negative environmental impacts.
Author contributions
SG and TW wrote the manuscript and all authors contributed to editing and reviewing the draft manuscript and approved the final submission.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the Editors and journal office at Frontiers in Marine Science Marine Pollution for the support in allowing the authors to guest edit this Research Topic.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
Altman R. (2021). The myth of historical bio-based plastics. Science 373 (6550), 47–49. doi: 10.1126/science.abj1003
Charlebois S., Walker T. R., Music J. (2022). Comment on the food industry's pandemic packaging dilemma. Front. Sustain. 3. doi: 10.3389/frsus.2022.812608
Ferreira-Filipe D. A., Paço A., Duarte A. C., Rocha-Santos T., Patrício Silva A. L. (2021). Are biobased plastics green alternatives?–a critical review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18 (15), 7729. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18157729
Kitz R., Walker T., Charlebois S., Music J. (2022). Food packaging during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consumer perceptions. Int. J. Consum. Stud. 46 (2), 434–448. doi: 10.1111/ijcs.12691
Manfra L., Marengo V., Libralato G., Costantini M., De Falco F., Cocca M. (2021). Biodegradable polymers: A real opportunity to solve marine plastic pollution? J. Hazard. Mat. 416, 125763. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125763
Rosenboom J. G., Langer R., Traverso G. (2022). Bioplastics for a circular economy. Nat. Rev. Mater. 7 (2), 117–137. doi: 10.1038/s41578-021-00407-8
Shaikh S., Yaqoob M., Aggarwal P. (2021). An overview of biodegradable packaging in food industry. Curr. Res. Food Sci. 4, 503–520. doi: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.07.005
Keywords: plastic pollution, biobased plastics, biodegradable, biopolymer, marine pollution, compostable, single-use
Citation: Gündoğdu S, Walker TR, Almroth BC, Coffin S and Gwinnett C (2022) Editorial: Alternatives to petroleum-based plastics as a potential solution to the global plastic pollution crisis in marine environments: Do they provide sustainable solutions? Front. Mar. Sci. 9:1066113. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.1066113
Received: 10 October 2022; Accepted: 20 October 2022;
Published: 02 November 2022.
Edited and Reviewed by:
Hans Uwe Dahms, Kaohsiung Medical University, TaiwanCopyright © 2022 Gündoğdu, Walker, Almroth, Coffin and Gwinnett. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Sedat Gündoğdu, sgundogdu@cu.edu.tr