AUTHOR=Lee Woojeong , Kim Sung-Hun , Moon Il-Ju , Bell Michael M. , Ginis Isaac 

TITLE=New parameterization of air-sea exchange coefficients and its impact on intensity prediction under major tropical cyclones

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Marine Science

VOLUME=9

YEAR=2022

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.1046511

DOI=10.3389/fmars.2022.1046511

ISSN=2296-7745

ABSTRACT=<p>Understanding and quantifying air-sea exchanges of enthalpy and momentum fluxes are crucial for the advanced prediction of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity. Here, we present a new parameterization of air-sea fluxes at extreme wind speeds from 40 m s<sup>−1</sup> to 75 m s<sup>−1</sup>, which covers the range of major TCs. Our approach assumes that the TC can reach its maximum potential intensity (MPI) if there are no influences of external forces such as vertical wind shear or other environmental constraints.This method can estimate the ratio of the enthalpy and momentum exchange coefficient (<italic>C</italic><sub>k</sub>/<italic>C</italic><sub>d</sub>) under the most intense TCs without direct flux measurements. The estimation showed that <italic>C</italic><sub>k</sub>/<italic>C</italic><sub>d</sub> increases with wind speed at extreme winds above 40 m s<sup>−1</sup>. Two types of surface layer schemes of the Hurricane Weather and Research Forecast (HWRF) were designed based on the wind speed dependency of the <italic>C</italic><sub>k</sub>/<italic>C</italic><sub>d</sub> found at high winds: (i) an increase of <italic>C</italic><sub>k</sub>/<italic>C</italic><sub>d</sub> based on decreasing <italic>C</italic><sub>d</sub> (Cd_DC) and (ii) an increase of <italic>C</italic><sub>k</sub>/<italic>C</italic><sub>d</sub> based on increasing <italic>C</italic><sub>k</sub> (Ck_IC). The modified surface layer schemes were compared to the original HWRF scheme (using nearly fixed <italic>C</italic><sub>d</sub> and <italic>C</italic><sub>k</sub> at extreme winds; CTRL) through idealized experiments and real-case predictions. The idealized experiments showed that Cd_DC reduced frictional dissipation in the air-sea interface as well as significantly reduced sea surface cooling, making the TC stronger than other schemes. As a result, Cd_DC reduced the mean absolute error and negative bias by 15.0% (21.0%) and 19.1% (32.0%), respectively, for all lead times of Hurricane Irma in 2017 (Typhoon Mangkhut in 2018) compared to CTRL. This result suggests that new parameterization of <italic>C</italic><sub>k</sub>/<italic>C</italic><sub>d</sub> with decreasing <italic>C</italic><sub>d</sub> at high winds can help improve TC intensity prediction, which currently suffers from underestimating the intensity of the strongest TCs.</p>