AUTHOR=Bongarts Lebbe Théophile , Rey-Valette Hélène , Chaumillon Éric , Camus Guigone , Almar Rafael , Cazenave Anny , Claudet Joachim , Rocle Nicolas , Meur-Férec Catherine , Viard Frédérique , Mercier Denis , Dupuy Christine , Ménard Frédéric , Rossel Bernardo Aliaga , Mullineaux Lauren , Sicre Marie-Alexandrine , Zivian Anna , Gaill Françoise , Euzen Agathe TITLE=Designing Coastal Adaptation Strategies to Tackle Sea Level Rise JOURNAL=Frontiers in Marine Science VOLUME=8 YEAR=2021 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.740602 DOI=10.3389/fmars.2021.740602 ISSN=2296-7745 ABSTRACT=

Faced with sea level rise and the intensification of extreme events, human populations living on the coasts are developing responses to address local situations. A synthesis of the literature on responses to coastal adaptation allows us to highlight different adaptation strategies. Here, we analyze these strategies according to the complexity of their implementation, both institutionally and technically. First, we distinguish two opposing paradigms – fighting against rising sea levels or adapting to new climatic conditions; and second, we observe the level of integrated management of the strategies. This typology allows a distinction between four archetypes with the most commonly associated governance modalities for each. We then underline the need for hybrid approaches and adaptation trajectories over time to take into account local socio-cultural, geographical, and climatic conditions as well as to integrate stakeholders in the design and implementation of responses. We show that dynamic and participatory policies can foster collective learning processes and enable the evolution of social values and behaviors. Finally, adaptation policies rely on knowledge and participatory engagement, multi-scalar governance, policy monitoring, and territorial solidarity. These conditions are especially relevant for densely populated areas that will be confronted with sea level rise, thus for coastal cities in particular.