Hanan Almahasheer- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia
The growth of Avicennia marina (A. marina) was not previously assessed using internodal analysis in the Western Arabian Gulf. The node production in 40 branches/axillary shoot in Syhat city, Saudi Arabia, ranged from 6 to 9 nodes y–1. Moreover, the annual cycles of the internodal length represent the branch growth rate in centimeters per year (ranged from 12 to 43 cm; median of 19 cm) for minima to minima point and (from 15 to 46.5 cm; median of 25.5 cm) for maxima to maxima point. The results obtained in this study are fundamental for various applications, ranging from the planning of restoration and monitoring activities to reproduction estimates and establishing a useful baseline to assess responses to climate change via simple measurements. In particular, mangrove species are important as nurseries for many species for food and shelter, carbon sinks, and coastal protection.
Introduction
Mangroves inhabit intertidal zones of tropics and subtropics (Tomlinson, 1986) and provide many ecosystem services (Barbier et al., 2011). Avicennia marina (A. marina) is the most diverse mangrove species worldwide (Tomlinson, 1986). Two species of mangrove, such as A. marina from Avicenniaceae and Rhizophora mucronata from Rhizophoraceae, are found in the Arabian Gulf (Zahed et al., 2010); however, A. marina is the dominant mangrove species in the Arabian Gulf (Price et al., 1993; Almahasheer et al., 2018). While phenological studies of A. marina on some parts of the Arabian Gulf exist, e.g., Hegazy (1998) and Yasseen and Abu-Al-Basal (2008), estimation of their node production per branch per year and their annual growth in centimeter and plastochron index has not been reported in the Western Arabian Gulf. The importance of estimating internodal production and growth of mangroves in the Arabian Gulf can help future studies in this area to better understand their status and the contribution of A. marina to the adjacent ecosystems. These data also help balance global reports with information about an area that was overlooked.
Materials and Methods
Sampling
Avicennia marina internodal measurements were conducted in July 2019 at Syhat city (26°30′28″N 50°02′30″E), Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which is situated on the coast of the Western Arabian Gulf (Figure 1). The number of samples selected for the internodal analysis in this study was 40 trees. This number of samples has been validated before, e.g., Duarte et al. (1999) selected eight Avicennia alba, 26 Sonneratia caseolaris, and 12 Rhizophora apiculata trees in South East (SE) Thailand. Also, Almahasheer et al. (2016) selected a variable number of A. marina between 30 and 75 trees among diverse locations in the Central Red Sea.
Figure 1. Location of mangrove sampled area in Syhat city, Saudi Arabia, Western Arabian Gulf. Both mangrove photograph and map were produced by the researcher. The map was produced using ArcMap Version 10.2. Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community (https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id∼=∼ab399b847323487dba26809bf11ea91a).
Because the plant repeats models (e.g., nodes, leaves, and roots), counting nodes in axillary shoots and apical shoots is equivalent (Duke and Pinzon, 1992). Therefore, the number of nodes that plants produce annually in each measured (branches/axillary shoot, n = 40) was estimated according to Duarte et al. (1999) and Almahasheer et al. (2016).
Internodal and Annual Growth Estimation
Mangrove growth can be reconstructed based on cycles of internodal length (Duarte et al., 1999), which allows us to evaluate the internodal production and the yearly growth by measuring the distance between every two nodes. The main criteria for selecting a tree are the clarity of following and seeing the complete branch or axis. The first step is to count and measure all nodes from the apical meristem or the axillary meristem.
The measurements of each node were arranged in sequential order, starting from the meristem to the hypocotyl. As a result, a long-term filter with a running average of n = 14 was created to eliminate long-term variability and was then subtracted from the raw sequences. Later, a short-term filter was subsequently produced by filtering the data to remove short-term variability with a consecutive average of n = 3 and n = 4. Two short-term filters were used in order to double-check the results.
The annual growth was calculated as the sum of the length of the internodal cycle for each (branches/axillary shoot) separately (i.e., from the measured distance between the nodes for each identified cycle, Figure 2).
Figure 2. An example of measuring a node on a branch and then analyzing the internodal length.
Plastochrone Interval (PI) Estimation
To calculate the plastochrone interval (PI) (i.e., the average time in between the production of a node) (Gill and Tomlinson, 1971) was calculated as the average ratio between the time elapsed and the number of nodes produced annually.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics (i.e., mean, maximum, minimum, median, SD, SE, and upper and lower 95%CI), were carried out using JMP Pro 13, a computer program for statistics developed by the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) Institute.
Results
The node production in 40 branches/axillary shoot in Syhat city, Saudi Arabia, ranged from 6 to 9 nodes y–1 for the averages of both running short filters n = 3 and n = 4, with a mean of 7.1 nodes y–1 and a median of 7 nodes y–1 (Figure 3A). Hence, the number of nodes that branches produce yearly was translated to days, which means that the PI calculated ranged from 40.5 to 60.8 days for the averages of both running short filters n = 3 and n = 4, with a mean of 51.4–51.9 days and a median of 52 days (Figure 3B).
Figure 3. Number of (A) nodes produced, (B) plastochrone interval, and (C) growth by centimeter in each (branch/axillary shoot) annually produced by Avicennia marina. Total number of branches measured n = 40.
The annual cycles of the internodal length represent the branch growth rate in centimeters per year, which (ranged from 12 to 43 cm; median of 19 cm) for minima to minima point and (from 15 to 46.5 cm; median of 25.5 cm) for maxima to maxima point (Figures 2, 3C).
Discussion
In general, plants repeat few models while growing, e.g., internodes, leaves, and roots (Duarte et al., 1999). Node production of A. marina in this study ranged from 6 to 9 nodes y–1, with an average of 7.1 nodes y–1, which is slightly lower than that reported from the Red Sea (9.44 nodes subbranch y–1 Almahasheer et al., 2016), nevertheless, within the range of other mangrove species that produced 3.8 nodes y–1 in Panama to 30 nodes y–1 in Thailand (Duke and Pinzon, 1992; Thampanya et al., 2002), and consistent with Rhizophora apiculata of 7.3 nodes y–1 in Southeast (SE) Asia (Duarte et al., 1998). Additionally, the PI of this study ranged from 40.5 to 60.8 days with an average of 52 days, higher than the PI of Red Sea A. marina of 39 days (Almahasheer et al., 2016), whereas stem elongation of branches in this study averaged from 20 to 28 cm equivalent to the annual growth of A. marina in King Abdullah Economic city located in the Central Red Sea (Almahasheer et al., 2016). The slow growth of A. marina in this region is possible because of the harsh environmental conditions of the Arabian Gulf (Sheppard et al., 2010), along with the effects of major pollutions affecting the area, e.g., 1991 oil spill (Price, 1998), and their position at the nethermost limit of their dispersal (Duke, 1990).
Conclusion
The results obtained within the study are essential for several applications, from the planning of restoration and monitoring activities to reproduction estimates via simple measurements. However, a comprehensive study of internodal analysis across different locations and population dynamics of A. marina in the Arabian Gulf is necessary and urgent. In particular, this area is characterized by a hyperarid environment that could be seen as a natural incubator to evaluate future climate change effects.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Author Contributions
The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.
Funding
The author received no financial support for the research of this article.
Conflict of Interest
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
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Acknowledgments
The author thankful to the Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU). The author also thankful to the two reviewers for their insightful comments that significantly improved the manuscript and also to Christine Nelson for editing the manuscript.
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Keywords: phenology, analysis, age, plant, growth
Citation: Almahasheer H (2021) Internodal Analysis of Avicennia marina in the Western Arabian Gulf. Front. Mar. Sci. 8:698596. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.698596
Received: 21 April 2021; Accepted: 30 June 2021;
Published: 29 July 2021.
Edited by:
Iñigo Muxika, Technological Center Expert in Marine and Food Innovation (AZTI), SpainReviewed by:
Thadickal V. Joydas, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi ArabiaEmily Dangremond, Roosevelt University, United States
Copyright © 2021 Almahasheer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Hanan Almahasheer, halmahasheer@iau.edu.sa