AUTHOR=Yue Shidong , Zhang Xiaomei , Xu Shaochun , Zhang Yu , Zhao Peng , Wang Xiaodong , Zhou Yi TITLE=Reproductive Strategies of the Seagrass Zostera japonica Under Different Geographic Conditions in Northern China JOURNAL=Frontiers in Marine Science VOLUME=7 YEAR=2020 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.574790 DOI=10.3389/fmars.2020.574790 ISSN=2296-7745 ABSTRACT=

Seagrasses form a unique group of submerged marine angiosperms capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. The amounts of sexual and asexual reproduction differ within some species relying on geographic location and environmental factors. Here, we studied the reproductive strategies of different geographic Zostera japonica populations, S1 and S2 at Swan Lake lagoon (SLL), and H1 and H2 at Huiquan Bay (HQB), in northern China. The duration of flowering at SLL was longer than at HQB, whereas flowering initiation at HQB occurred earlier than at SLL. In addition, the timing of seed maturation at HQB occurred earlier than at SLL. The allocation to sexual reproduction at SLL was greater than at HQB. The maximum potential seed production was greatest at S1 (22228.52 ± 8832.46 seeds ⋅ m–2), followed by S2 (21630.34 ± 9378.67 seeds ⋅ m–2), H2 (7459.60 ± 1779.33 seeds ⋅ m–2), and H1 (2821.05 ± 1280.57 seeds ⋅ m–2). The seasonal changes in total shoot density and biomass were small at HQB. There was a relatively large number of overwintering shoots at HQB because of the higher average temperature during winter. The allocation to sexual reproduction was lower than at SLL, and no seedlings were observed at HQB during our study. Thus, the population of Z. japonica at HQB was maintained by asexual reproduction. Compared with HQB, the biomass of overwintering shoots at SLL was less than 30 g dry weight ⋅ m–2. The Z. japonica at SLL relied on asexual and sexual reproduction to maintain the population. The results show the necessity of understanding local reproductive strategies before starting restoration and management projects. The study provides fundamental information and guidance for the conservation and restoration of seagrass beds.