AUTHOR=Cho Hyeyoun , Hwang Chung Yeon , Kim Jong-Geol , Kang Sanghoon , Knittel Katrin , Choi Ayeon , Kim Sung-Han , Rhee Sung-Keun , Yang Eun Jin , Lee SangHoon , Hyun Jung-Ho 

TITLE=A Unique Benthic Microbial Community Underlying the Phaeocystis antarctica-Dominated Amundsen Sea Polynya, Antarctica: A Proxy for Assessing the Impact of Global Changes

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Marine Science

VOLUME=6

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00797

DOI=10.3389/fmars.2019.00797

ISSN=2296-7745

ABSTRACT=<p>Polynyas in the polar seas are regarded as windows through which ecosystem responses associated with global climate changes are to be noticed. However, little information is available on benthic microbial communities in the Amundsen Sea polynya (ASP), where environmental changes due to global warming are occurring rapidly, from which future climate change-induced ecosystem responses could be assessed. We performed high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and quantitative PCR in combination with biogeochemical analyses and metabolic rate measurements to determine the composition, diversity and controls of major microbial communities in sediments of the ASP. A large fraction of the sequenced benthic microbial community (40% on average) in the polynya was uniquely affiliated with the phylum <italic>Planctomycetes</italic>, whereas <italic>Thaumarchaeota</italic> (51% on average) predominated in non-polynya areas. The relative abundance of <italic>Planctomycetes</italic> correlated significantly with organic carbon (C<sub>org</sub>) content in the polynya sediment underlying the <italic>Phaeocystis</italic>-dominated water column. These results suggest that <italic>Planctomycetes</italic> comprise a major bacterial group utilizing relatively recalcitrant C<sub>org</sub> produced primarily by <italic>Phaeocystis</italic> blooms. In contrast, the predominance of chemolithoautotrohic <italic>Thaumarchaeota</italic> in the sea-ice zone was attributed to low C<sub>org</sub> supply due to low primary productivity in the ice-covered water column. The <italic>Planctomycetes</italic>-dominated microbial communities in the ASP is in stark contrast to that <italic>Proteobacteria</italic> (<italic>Delta</italic>- and <italic>Gamma-proteobacteria</italic>) occupy ecological niches as primary mineralizers of organic materials in most benthic systems in the Southern Ocean, where organic materials in the sediments mostly originate from diatom blooms. Given that microbial communities respond quickly to environmental changes, and that global climate change is proceeding rapidly in the ASP, our results suggest that any modifications in the <italic>Planctomycetes</italic>-dominated microbial communities will provide valuable insight into changes in organic matter transport to the seafloor that may result from shifts in planktonic communities from <italic>Phaeocystis</italic> to diatoms associated with climate change.</p>