AUTHOR=Bogan Samuel N. , Johnson Kevin M. , Hofmann Gretchen E. 

TITLE=Changes in Genome-Wide Methylation and Gene Expression in Response to Future pCO2 Extremes in the Antarctic Pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Marine Science

VOLUME=6

YEAR=2020

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00788

DOI=10.3389/fmars.2019.00788

ISSN=2296-7745

ABSTRACT=<p>Epigenetic processes such as variation in DNA methylation may promote phenotypic plasticity and the rapid acclimatization of species to environmental change. The extent to which an organism can mount an epigenetic response to current and future climate extremes may influence its capacity to acclimatize or adapt to global change on ecological rather than evolutionary time scales. The thecosome pteropod <italic>Limacina helicina antarctica</italic> is an abundant macrozooplankton endemic to the Southern Ocean and is considered a bellwether of ocean acidification as it is highly sensitive to variation in carbonate chemistry. In this study, we quantified variation in DNA methylation and gene expression over time across different ocean acidification regimes. We exposed <italic>L. helicina antarctica</italic> to <italic>p</italic>CO<sub>2</sub> levels mimicking present-day norms in the coastal Southern Ocean of 255 μatm <italic>p</italic>CO<sub>2</sub>, present-day extremes of 530 μatm <italic>p</italic>CO<sub>2</sub>, and projected extremes of 918 μatm <italic>p</italic>CO<sub>2</sub> for up to 7 days before measuring global DNA methylation and sequencing transcriptomes in animals from each treatment across time. <italic>L. helicina antarctica</italic> significantly reduced DNA methylation by 29–56% after 1 day of exposure to 918 μatm <italic>p</italic>CO<sub>2</sub> before DNA methylation returned to control levels after 6 days. In addition, <italic>L. helicina antarctica</italic> exposed to 918 μatm <italic>p</italic>CO<sub>2</sub> exhibited drastically more differential expression compared to cultures replicating present-day <italic>p</italic>CO<sub>2</sub> extremes. Differentially expressed transcripts were predominantly downregulated. Furthermore, downregulated genes were enriched with signatures of gene body methylation. These findings support the potential role of DNA methylation in regulating transcriptomic responses by <italic>L. helicina antarctica</italic> to future ocean acidification and <italic>in situ</italic> variation in <italic>p</italic>CO<sub>2</sub> experienced seasonally or during vertical migration. More broadly, <italic>L. helicina antarctica</italic> was capable of mounting a substantial epigenetic response to ocean acidification despite little evidence of metabolic compensation or recovery of the cellular stress response in this species at future <italic>p</italic>CO<sub>2</sub> levels.</p>