AUTHOR=Viard Frédérique , Roby Charlotte , Turon Xavier , Bouchemousse Sarah , Bishop John 

TITLE=Cryptic Diversity and Database Errors Challenge Non-indigenous Species Surveys: An Illustration With Botrylloides spp. in the English Channel and Mediterranean Sea

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Marine Science

VOLUME=6

YEAR=2019

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00615

DOI=10.3389/fmars.2019.00615

ISSN=2296-7745

ABSTRACT=<p>Molecular tools have been extensively used in recent decades to examine biological invasion processes, and are increasingly being adopted as efficient tools to support non-indigenous species surveys, notably through barcoding approaches, i.e., the use of a reference sequence specific to a given species to validate its identification. The technique is easy to use but requires reliable reference sequences to be available in public databases. In addition, the increasing discovery of cryptic species in marine taxa may complicate taxonomic assignment. We illustrate these two issues in the ascidian genus <italic>Botrylloides</italic>, in which at least three global marine invaders have been recognized, including <italic>B. violaceus</italic> and <italic>B. diegensis</italic>. We obtained COI sequences from &gt;750 colonies of <italic>Botrylloides</italic> spp. sampled in W Europe or provided by expert colleagues from other regions. Phylogenetic trees clearly distinguished our targeted taxa [i.e., <italic>B. violaceus</italic>, <italic>B. diegensis</italic> and <italic>B. leachii</italic> (native)]. They also revealed another discrete lineage apparently related to a recently described eastern Mediterranean species. By examining public databases, we found sequences of <italic>B. diegensis</italic> erroneously assigned to <italic>B. leachii</italic>. This observation has major implications as the introduced <italic>B. diegensis</italic> can be misidentified as a putatively native species. We also checked published sequences of the genus <italic>Botrylloides</italic> in the Mediterranean Sea, complemented with new samples. Based on our custom reference database, all published sequences of <italic>B. leachii</italic> corresponded to <italic>B. diegensis</italic>, although this NIS has hardly been reported at all in the Mediterranean region. Such database errors are unfortunate, as the barcoding approach is a powerful tool to identify the recognized <italic>Botrylloides</italic> species currently present in European seas. This is of particular importance because a trait often used during field assessment, i.e., single-color vs. two-color colonies, is misleading to distinguish <italic>B. violaceus</italic> and <italic>B. diegensis</italic> respectively: a substantial proportion of the single-color morph are actually <italic>B. diegensis</italic> in both the Mediterranean Sea and the English Channel. Altogether, this study exemplifies the advantages and disadvantages of molecular barcoding in NIS surveys and studies. The limitations that were identified are all easy to resolve once proper vouchers and collections are set up.</p>