Gorka Bidegain
Ika Paul-Pont- 1Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS, United States
- 2Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- 3Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France
A commentary on
Plastic waste associated with disease on coral reefs
by Lamb, J. B., Willis, B. L., Fiorenza, E. A., Couch, C. S., Howard, R., Rader, D. N., et al. (2018). Science 359, 460–462. doi: 10.1126/science.aar3320
This commentary addresses the important issue of the influence of plastic waste on marine disease risk recently raised by Lamb et al. (2018) in their article “Plastic waste associated with disease on coral reefs” and poses new questions beyond this comprehensive study.
The first-ever Europe-wide strategy on plastics adopted on 16 January (EC, 2018) followed a landmark December 2017 United Nations resolution signed by nearly 200 countries to fight ocean plastic waste (UNEP, 2017). These policy actions aim to revolutionize the design, production, use, and recycling of plastics, which have come to dominate the litter and debris ending up in our coastal seas and open oceans. We have become increasingly cognizant of the direct effects of marine plastic pollution on human and wildlife health (Galloway, 2015; Galloway et al., 2017). Many different impacts of plastic marine debris (PMD), including microplastics (diameter <5 mm) and nanoplastics (diameter <100 nm), have been observed (e.g., tissues inflammation, metabolic disruption, decreased feeding and growth rates, impairment of reproduction, and increased mortality) (Rist and Hartmann, 2018).
In their recent article, Lamb et al. (2018) suggest that mesoplastics (diameter >50 mm) entangled on coral reefs substantially increase the risk of disease for these organisms. Plastic debris stresses corals giving pathogens a niche for invasion. However, the indirect effects of PMD on microbial processes, pathogen transmission, and disease emergence are less well-known. There is evidence of diverse microorganisms, including notable human, fish and bivalve pathogens, such as some Vibrio species, living in the microbial community that is specifically enriched on PMD (Kirstein et al., 2016; Harrison et al., 2018). Yet, the virulence and disease dynamics of these pathogens hitching a ride on PMD are unknown (Keswani et al., 2016; Quero and Luna, 2017), and in this regard, a key research question moving forward would be: what is the role of PMD, particularly microplastics ingested by marine biota (clams, corals, fish, mussels, oysters, etc.), in the transmission of marine and seafood-borne human pathogens? This complex question would require a multidisciplinary approach focusing on the actual pathogenicity of plastic-associated bacteria through RNA sequencing of virulence factors and detailed analysis of the transmission dynamics through experimental exposure and modeling tools. The EU Strategic Research Innovation Agenda for plastics should address this avenue of research, which is crucial to understanding the disease process and to improving management responses to marine disease challenges.
Author Contributions
GB and IP-P discussed the idea, implications, and commented on the manuscript at all stages.
Funding
GB was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation program in Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Diseases (OCE-1216220).
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
EC (2018). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy. Brussels, COM (2018) 28 final. Available online at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/pdf/plastics-strategy.pdf (accessed March 1, 2018).
Galloway, T. S., Cole, M., and Lewis, C. (2017). Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the marine ecosystem. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1:0116. doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0116
Galloway, T.S. (2015). “Micro- and nano-plastics and human health,” in Marine Anthropogenic Litter, eds M. Bergmann, L. Gutow, and M. Klages (Cham: Springer), 343–366.
Harrison, J. P., Hoellein, T. J., Sapp, M., Tagg, A. S., Ju-Nam, Y., and Ojeda, J. J. (2018). “Microplastic-associated biofilms: a comparison of freshwater and marine environments,” in Freshwater Microplastics - Emerging Environmental Contaminants? The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 58, eds M. Wagner, S. Lambert (Cham: Springer), 181–201.
Keswani, A., Oliver, D. M., Gutierrez, T., and Quilliam, R. S. (2016). Microbial hitchhikers on marine plastic debris: human exposure risks at bathing waters and beach environments. Mar. Environ. Res. 118, 10–19. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.04.006
Kirstein, I. V., Kirmizi, S., Wichels, A., Garin-Fernandez, A., Erler, R., Löder, M., et al. (2016). Dangerous hitchhikers? Evidence for potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. on microplastic particles. Mar. Environ. Res. 120, 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.07.004
Lamb, J. B., Willis, B. L., Fiorenza, E. A., Couch, C. S., Howard, R., Rader, D. N., et al. (2018). Plastic waste associated with disease on coral reefs. Science 359, 460–462. doi: 10.1126/science.aar3320
Quero, G. M., and Luna, G. M. (2017). Surfing and dining on the “plastisphere”: Microbial life on plastic marine debris. Adv. Oceanogr. Limnol. 8, 199–207. doi: 10.4081/aiol.2017.7211
Rist, S., and Hartmann, N. B. (2018). “Aquatic ecotoxicity of microplastics and nanoplastics: lessons learned from engineered nanomaterials,” in Freshwater Microplastics - Emerging Environmental Contaminants? The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 58, eds M. Wagner, S. Lambert (Cham: Springer), 25–49.
Keywords: microplastic, marine debris, pathogen transmission, microbial process, marine disease
Citation: Bidegain G and Paul-Pont I (2018) Commentary: Plastic waste associated with disease on coral reefs. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:237. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00237
Received: 05 June 2018; Accepted: 19 June 2018;
Published: 06 July 2018.
Edited by:
Julian Blasco, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), SpainReviewed by:
Víctor M. León, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, SpainCopyright © 2018 Bidegain and Paul-Pont. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Gorka Bidegain, gorka.bidegain@ehu.eus