AUTHOR=Singh Manish Kumar , Maiti Guru Prashad , Rallabandi Harikrishna Reddy , Fazel-Najafabadi Mehdi , Looger Loren L. , Nath Swapan K. TITLE=A non-coding variant in SLC15A4 modulates enhancer activity and lysosomal deacidification linked to lupus susceptibility JOURNAL=Frontiers in Lupus VOLUME=1 YEAR=2023 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/lupus/articles/10.3389/flupu.2023.1244670 DOI=10.3389/flupu.2023.1244670 ISSN=2813-6934 ABSTRACT=Background

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with a strong genetic basis. Despite the identification of several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the SLC15A4 gene that are significantly associated with SLE across multiple populations, specific causal SNP(s) and molecular mechanisms responsible for disease susceptibility are unknown.

Methods

To address this gap, we employed bioinformatics, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), and 3D chromatin interaction analysis to nominate a likely functional variant, rs35907548, in an active intronic enhancer of SLC15A4.

Results

Through luciferase reporter assays followed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR, we observed significant allele-specific enhancer effects of rs35907548 in diverse cell lines. The rs35907548 risk allele T is associated with increased regulatory activity and target gene expression, as shown by eQTLs and chromosome conformation capture (3C)-qPCR. The latter revealed long-range chromatin interactions between the rs35907548 enhancer and the promoters of SLC15A4, GLTLD1, and an uncharacterized lncRNA. The enhancer-promoter interactions and expression effects were validated by CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out (KO) of the locus in HL60 promyeloblast cells. KO cells also displayed dramatically dysregulated endolysosomal pH regulation.

Conclusions

Together, our data show that the rs35907548 risk allele affects multiple aspects of cellular physiology and may directly contribute to SLE.