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REVIEW article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Mucosal Immunity
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1577523
This article is part of the Research TopicMucosal Immunity after VaccinationView all articles
Glycemic Control and Vaccine Response: The Role of Mucosal Immunity After Vaccination in Diabetic Patients
Provisionally accepted- Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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This review explores the critical interplay between glycemic control, mucosal immunity, and vaccine response in diabetic patients. Diabetes mellitus, characterized by impaired glucose regulation, significantly impacts immune function, particularly at mucosal surfaces. Poor glycemic control diminishes vaccine-induced antibody responses and compromises mucosal defenses, such as secretory IgA production, increasing susceptibility to infections. We synthesize evidence highlighting the importance of optimizing glycemic management prior to vaccination to enhance immunogenicity. Furthermore, we examine the potential of personalized vaccination strategies, tailored to individual glycemic status, age, BMI, and kidney function, to improve vaccine efficacy in this vulnerable population. Additionally, we discuss the role of adjunct therapies, including probiotics, nutritional interventions, and lifestyle modifications, in modulating the gut microbiota and reinforcing mucosal barrier integrity. This review underscores the necessity for an interdisciplinary approach, integrating metabolic management with innovative vaccine designs, to maximize protection against infectious diseases in diabetic patients. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies assessing both systemic and mucosal immunity and refine personalized vaccination strategies to ensure robust and durable protection.
Keywords: glycemic control, mucosal immunity, vaccine response, Diabetes Mellitus, immune cells
Received: 15 Feb 2025; Accepted: 10 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Mojaddidi, Aboonq and Alqahtani. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Saeed Awad M. Alqahtani, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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