Technological Breakthroughs and Advancements in the Application of mRNA Vaccines: A Comprehensive Exploration and Future Prospects

Zhimeng Wei ^1,2 Shuai Zhang ¹ Xingya Wang ¹ Ying Xue ² Sheng Dang ² Jingbo Zhai ^1,3,4*

• ¹ School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
• ² Keerqin District First People’s Hospital, Tongliao, China
• ³ Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous region, Tongliao, China
• ⁴ Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China

mRNA vaccines utilize single-stranded linear DNA as a template for in vitro transcription. The mRNA is introduced into the cytoplasm via the corresponding delivery system to express the target protein, which then performs its relevant biological function. mRNA vaccines are beneficial in various fields, including cancer vaccines, infectious disease vaccines, protein replacement therapy, and treatment of rare diseases. They offer advantages such as a simple manufacturing process, a quick development cycle, and ease of industrialization. Additionally, mRNA vaccines afford flexibility in adjusting antigen designs and combining sequences of multiple variants, thereby addressing the issue of frequent mutations in pathogenic microorganisms. This paper aims to provide an extensive review of the global development and current research status of mRNA vaccines, with a focus on immunogenicity, classification, design, delivery vector development, stability, and biomedical application. Moreover, the study highlights current challenges and offers insights into future directions for development.a comprehensive review of immunogenicity, classification, design, delivery vector development, stability, biomedical application, challenges, and future developments of mRNA vaccines. It serves as a reference for research and development in fields such as infectious diseases, cancer, protein replacement therapy, and the treatment of rare diseases.