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REVIEW article

Front. Immunol.
Sec. Inflammation
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1461535

Cellular aspects of immunity involved in the development of atherosclerosis

Provisionally accepted
Khalil Khalaf Khalil Khalaf 1,2,3*Marc Chamieh Marc Chamieh 4Natalia Welc Natalia Welc 5Chandpreet Singh Chandpreet Singh 6Joanne Lynn Kaouk Joanne Lynn Kaouk 7Aiden Kaouk Aiden Kaouk 8Andrzej Mackiewicz Andrzej Mackiewicz 2,9Mariusz Kaczmarek Mariusz Kaczmarek 2,9Bartlomiej Perek Bartlomiej Perek 3
  • 1 Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
  • 2 Department of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
  • 3 Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
  • 4 Department of Spine Disorders and Pediatric Orthopedics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
  • 5 Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
  • 6 8 UCLA - Kern Medical Center, 1700 Mount Vernon Ave, Bakersfield, CA 93306, Los Angeles, United States
  • 7 Gordon A. Cain Center, College of Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
  • 8 College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
  • 9 Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center (GPCC), Poznan, Poland

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Atherosclerosis, previously regarded as a lipid storage disease, has now been classified as a chronic inflammatory disease. The hardening of arterial vessels characterizes atherosclerosis due to the accumulation of lipids in the arterial walls, eliciting an inflammatory response. The development of atherosclerosis occurs in various stages and is facilitated by many clinical factors, such as hyperten-sion, hyperlipidemia, and inflammatory status. A large arsenal of cells has been implicated in its development. This review will summarize the phases of atherosclerotic formation and all the cells involved in either promoting or inhibiting its development.

    Keywords: cardiovascular disease, interferon, Monocytes, Lymphocytes, interleukin, Atherosclerosis, Plaque, chemokine

    Received: 08 Jul 2024; Accepted: 09 Jan 2025.

    Copyright: © 2025 Khalaf, Chamieh, Welc, Singh, Kaouk, Kaouk, Mackiewicz, Kaczmarek and Perek. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Khalil Khalaf, Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 10 61-701, Poland

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.