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REVIEW article

Front. Immunol.
Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy
Volume 15 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1496627
This article is part of the Research Topic Multimodal AI Digital Twin in Immunotherapy View all articles

Neuroimaging in the primary and metastatic brain tumors treated with immunotherapy: Current status, imaging advances, and artificial intelligence

Provisionally accepted
Xiang Liu Xiang Liu 1,2*Hongyan Chen Hongyan Chen 3Guirong Tan Guirong Tan 1,2Lijuan Zhong Lijuan Zhong 4Haihui Jiang Haihui Jiang 5Stephen M. Smith Stephen M. Smith 6Henry Z. Wang Henry Z. Wang 6
  • 1 Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Yuebei People's Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
  • 2 Advanced Neuroimaging Laboratory, The Affiliated Yuebei People's Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
  • 3 Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, Beijing Municipality, China
  • 4 Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Yuebei People's Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
  • 5 Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
  • 6 Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a novel clinical therapeutic option for a variety of solid tumors over the past decades. The application of immunotherapy in primary and metastatic brain tumors continues to grow despite limitations due to the physiological characteristics of the immune system within the central nervous system (CNS) and distinct pathological barriers of malignant brain tumors. The post-immunotherapy treatment imaging is more complex. In this review, we summarize the clinical application of immunotherapies in solid tumors beyond CNS. We provide an overview of current immunotherapies used in brain tumors, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), oncolytic viruses, vaccines, and CAR T-cell therapies. We focus on the imaging criteria for the assessment of treatment response to immunotherapy, and post-immunotherapy treatment imaging patterns. We discuss advanced imaging techniques in the evaluation of treatment response to

    Keywords: Immunotherapy, brain metastasis, malignant glioma, tumor progression, pseudoprogression, advanced imaging, MR perfusion imaging

    Received: 15 Sep 2024; Accepted: 28 Oct 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 Liu, Chen, Tan, Zhong, Jiang, Smith and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Xiang Liu, Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Yuebei People's Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.