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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Immunol.
Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy
Volume 15 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1483182

Anti-PD1 therapies induce an early expansion of Ki67 + CD8 + T cells in metastatic non-oncogene addicted NSCLC patients

Provisionally accepted

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    The anti-PD1 treatments alone or combined with chemotherapy represented the standard of care for advanced non-oncogene-addicted non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. These therapies induced early modifications of the immune response that impacted the clinical outcome. Identifying early changes in the immune system was critical to directing the therapeutic choice and improving the clinical outcome. In this study, we aim to analyze the activating and inhibiting immune cells of NSCLC patients before and during therapy to identify patients who will benefit from immunotherapies. Forty-eight NSCLC patients were analyzed before (T0) and after the first cycle of immunotherapy (T1), evaluating several activating (CD137 + and PD1 + ), proliferating (Ki67 + ) and immunosuppressing immune subsets (Tregs: total, active, resting, and non-suppressive; MDSCs: PMN(Lox1 + )-MDSC and M-MDSCs) by cytofluorimetry. Concurrently, 14 soluble immune checkpoints were analyzed by Luminex assay. Immunotherapy significantly increased the levels of Ki67 + (total and CD8 + ) T cells, PMN(Lox1 + )-MDSCs, non-suppressive Tregs (nsTregs), and soluble PD1 from T0 to T1 in the entire NSCLC population, while decreased active Tregs. These changes were partially attributed to responding patients who showed an increase of Ki67 + and CD8 + T cells and nsTregs at T1. CD137 + (total, CD8, and CD4) T cells and soluble LAG3 were predictor factors at T0 and T1. A low ratio of Tregs/CD137 and high levels of Ki67 + CD137 + cells positively correlated with response to therapy at T0 and T1, respectively. Results highlighted that immunotherapy improved the immunological fitness of those patients who benefited from immunotherapy, changing the immunological balance towards immune activation. 1 2 3

    Keywords: NSCLC, immune checkpoint inhibitors, anti-PD-1, Lymphocytes, CD137

    Received: 21 Aug 2024; Accepted: 29 Oct 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 Gelibter, Tuosto, Asquino, Siringo, Sabatini, Zizzari, Pace, Scirocchi, Valentino, Bianchini, Caponnetto, Paoli, Bellati, Santini, Nuti, Rughetti and Napoletano. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Chiara Napoletano, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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