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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Immunol.
Sec. Vaccines and Molecular Therapeutics
Volume 15 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1481910

B-cell dynamics underlying poor response upon split-inactivated influenza virus vaccination

Provisionally accepted
Laise R. Reis Laise R. Reis 1Vanessa Silva-Moraes Vanessa Silva-Moraes 1Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho 2Ted M. Ross Ted M. Ross 1*
  • 1 Cleveland Clinic Florida Research and Innovation Center, Lerner Research Institute, Port Saint Lucie, United States
  • 2 René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    This investigation elucidated the differences in humoral and H1N1 HA-specific memory B-cells response in participants exhibiting distinct immune response patterns prior to and after vaccination with Fluzone, the quadrivalent split-inactivated seasonal influenza virus vaccine. Participants were categorized into persistent non-responders and persistent responders based on their hemagglutinationinhibition (HAI) antibody titers to the H1N1 component from each vaccine administered between the 2019-2020 to 2023-2024 seasons. Persistent responders had higher fold change in H1N1 HA-specific CD21 expressing B-cells, plasmablasts, and plasma cells. A significant increase in H1N1 HA-specific transitional B-cells in persistent non-responders was observed. The frequency and fold change of H1N1-specific IgM-expressing memory B-cells was higher in persistent non-responders. Dimensionality reduction analysis also demonstrated higher IgM expression for persistent nonresponders than persistent responders. Furthermore, persistent non-responders had a significant fold change increase in IgA tissue-like memory, IgG exhausted tissue-like memory, and double negative (DN) activated memory cells. In contrast, persistent responders had increased frequency of IgGactivated memory B-cells, IgG resting B-cells and DN resting B-cells. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between HAI titers and DN memory B-cells and a negative correlation between HAI titers and IgG-expressing memory B-cells in persistent non-responders. Conversely, persistent responders had a positive correlation between HAI titers and IgA resting memory B-cells and a negative correlation between IgG memory B-cells and DN memory B-cells. Overall, this study provided valuable insights into the differential immune memory B-cell responses following influenza virus vaccination and paves the way for future research to further unravel the complexities of vaccineinduced memory B-cells and ultimately improve vaccination strategies against influenza virus infection.

    Keywords: influenza, Fluzone vaccine, humoral response, Memory B-cells, adults

    Received: 16 Aug 2024; Accepted: 24 Oct 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 Reis, Silva-Moraes, Teixeira-Carvalho and Ross. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Ted M. Ross, Cleveland Clinic Florida Research and Innovation Center, Lerner Research Institute, Port Saint Lucie, United States

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.