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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Viral Immunology
Volume 15 - 2024 |
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1480506
Antiviral Immune Mechanism against HTLV-1 Invalidation of T-SPOT.TB® in LTBI Screening
Provisionally accepted- 1 University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- 2 Miyazaki Zenjinkai Hospital, Miayzaki, Japan
- 3 Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
[Background] T-SPOT.TB®, one of the screening tests for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), yields invalid results in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-positive patients with rheumatoid arthritis. However, the detailed mechanisms behind this invalidation are unclear. Additionally, it remains unclear whether T-SPOT.TB® or QuantiFERON-TB (QFT) is more useful in HTLV-1-positive patients with rheumatic disease (RD). [Method] Of all the HTLV-1-positive RD patients who visited our department between August 2012 and December 2022, 44 patients who were screened using T-SPOT.TB®️ were included in the analysis. QFT testing was performed in 33 of the 44 patients, and the results were compared with T-SPOT.TB®️. Furthermore, we performed a culture experiment mimicking T-SPOT.TB®️ using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from HTLV-1-positive patients with RD. Additionally, T-cell subsets with autonomous product IFN-γ were analyzed using a flow cytometer. [Results] Of the included patients, 13 (29.5%) were invalid for T-SPOT.TB®️ because of the increased number of negative control spots. The median HTLV-1 proviral load in the invalid group was higher than that in the valid group (2.45 vs. 0.49 copies/100 PBMCs, respectively, p = 0.002). QFT was performed in all 33 patients, including 13 patients who were invalid in T-SPOT.TB®️. The main source of IFN-γ production was CD8+ T-cells in the T-SPOT.TB®️ mimic experiment. Furthermore, Tax-expressing CD4+ T-cells and Tax-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells were more frequently observed in the patients with the invalid results than in patients with valid results. CD4+ T-cell depletion in the T-SPOT.TB®️ mimic experiment reduced the population of IFN-γ producing CD8+ T-cells. [Conclusion] T-SPOT.TB®️ may be invalidated by the interaction between Tax-expressing CD4+ T-cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells. Moreover, HTLV-1-associated immune reactions due to contact between these cells may be unlikely to occur in QFT using whole blood. Therefore, our results reveal the superiority of QFT over T-SPOT.TB®️ as a screening test for LTBI in HTLV-1-positive patients with RD.
Keywords: HTLV-1, IFN-γ-releasing assay, Rheumatic disease, latent tuberculosis infection, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Received: 14 Aug 2024; Accepted: 07 Oct 2024.
Copyright: © 2024 Kimura, Umekita, Iwao, Kawano, Hashikura, Hashiba, Hidaka, Sugata, Satou and Miyazaki. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Kunihiko Umekita, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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