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REVIEW article

Front. Immunol.
Sec. Systems Immunology
Volume 15 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1447567
This article is part of the Research Topic Biomimetics and Immuno-informed Biomaterials: A Functional Role in Immune Response and In vivo Reprogramming View all 5 articles

Navigating the Nano-Bio Immune Interface: Advancements and Challenges in CNS Nanotherapeutics

Provisionally accepted
Chantalle Moulton Chantalle Moulton 1Anna Baroni Anna Baroni 1*Erica Quagliarini Erica Quagliarini 2Lucia Leone Lucia Leone 3,4*Luca Digiacomo Luca Digiacomo 2Marta Morotti Marta Morotti 3,4Giulio Caracciolo Giulio Caracciolo 2Maria V. Podda Maria V. Podda 3,4Ennio Tasciotti Ennio Tasciotti 1,5*
  • 1 Human longevity program, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
  • 2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Lazio, Italy
  • 3 Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
  • 4 Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Lazio, Italy
  • 5 Università telematica San Raffaele, Rome, Lazio, Italy

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    In recent years, significant advancements have been made in utilizing nanoparticles (NPs) to modulate immune responses within the central nervous system (CNS), offering new opportunities for nanotherapeutic interventions in neurological disorders. NPs can serve as carriers for immunomodulatory agents or platforms for delivering nucleic acid-based therapeutics to regulate gene expression and modulate immune responses. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of NPmediated immune modulation in preclinical models of neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. While challenges remain, advancements in NPs engineering and design have led to the development of NPs using diverse strategies to overcome these challenges. The nano-bio interface with the immune system is key in the conceptualization of NPs to efficiently act as nanotherapeutics in the CNS. The protein biomolecular corona plays a pivotal role in dictating NPs behaviour and immune recognition within the CNS, giving researchers the opportunity to optimize NPs design and surface modifications to minimize immunogenicity and enhance biocompatibility. Here, we review how NPs interact with the CNS immune system, focusing on immunosurveillance of NPs, NP-induced immune reprogramming and the impact of the biomolecularprotein corona on NPs behaviour in CNS immune responses.The integration of NPs into CNS nanotherapeutics offers promising opportunities for addressing the complex challenges of acute and chronic neurological conditions and pathologies, also in the context of preventive and rehabilitative medicine. By harnessing the nano-bio immune interface and understanding the significance of the biomolecularprotein corona, researchers can develop targeted, safe, and effective nanotherapeutic interventions for a wide range of CNS disorders to improve treatment and rehabilitation. These advancements have the potential to revolutionise the treatment landscape of neurological diseases, offering promising solutions for improved patient care and quality of life in the future.

    Keywords: Nanoparticles, Central Nervous System, immunosurveillance, immune reprogramming, biomolecularprotein corona, Nanotherapeutics, molecular rehabiliation

    Received: 12 Jun 2024; Accepted: 21 Oct 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 Moulton, Baroni, Quagliarini, Leone, Digiacomo, Morotti, Caracciolo, Podda and Tasciotti. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence:
    Anna Baroni, Human longevity program, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
    Lucia Leone, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
    Ennio Tasciotti, Università telematica San Raffaele, Rome, 00166, Lazio, Italy

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.