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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Immunol.
Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy
Volume 15 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1435502

Multi-omics pan-cancer analysis reveals the prognostic values and immunological functions of PPA2, with a spotlight on breast cancer

Provisionally accepted
Hong Liu Hong Liu 1*Jianing Zhang Jianing Zhang 1Bei-Bei Yang Bei-Bei Yang 1LinWei Li LinWei Li 1Xu Hao Xu Hao 1Bin Wang Bin Wang 1Zi-Lu Yi Zi-Lu Yi 2Xi-Rui Zhou Xi-Rui Zhou 2
  • 1 Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
  • 2 Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, Tianjin Municipality, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Background: Recently, the role of inorganic pyrophosphatase 2 (PPA2) has been remaining merely superficial in many tumors. Hence, the aim was to analyze the potential functions of PPA2 in pan-cancer, focusing on its role in breast cancer. Methods: A systematic pan-cancer analysis conducted primarily utilizing various open databases such as TCGA and GTEx. We explored the clinical value of PPA2 as well as various biological functions, including expression levels and subcellular localization, multi-dimensional immune-correlation analysis, co-expression networks, and gene heterogeneity. In addition, we not only verified the function of PPA2 through cell experiments but also analyzed PPA2 at the single-cell level and its drug sensitivity. Results: PPA2 is abnormally expressed in various tumors, and it is mainly distributed in mitochondria. Furthermore, the indicators (OS, DSS, DFI, and PFI) of analysis hint that PPA2 exhibits significant prognostic value. At the same time, the genomic heterogeneity (including TMB, MSI, MATH, and NEO) of PPA2 in pan-cancer was analyzed. Across multiple tumors, the results showed a close correlation between PPA2 expression levels and different immune signatures (such as immune cell infiltration). All of these indicate that PPA2 could potentially be applied in the guidance of immunotherapy. We also have demonstrated that PPA2 promoted the process of breast cancer. Finally, some potential therapeutic agents (such as Fulvestrant) targeting the abnormal expression of PPA2 are revealed.In conclusion, the results demonstrated the great value of PPA2 in pancancer research, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target for breast tumors.

    Keywords: PPA2, Pan-cancer analysis, multi-omics, immunological function, breast cancer

    Received: 20 May 2024; Accepted: 25 Jul 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 Liu, Zhang, Yang, Li, Hao, Wang, Yi and Zhou. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Hong Liu, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.