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REVIEW article

Front. Immunol.
Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy
Volume 15 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1424396

Immune Checkpoint Pathways in Glioblastoma: A Diverse and Evolving Landscape

Provisionally accepted
JULIO F. INOCENCIO JULIO F. INOCENCIO 1Stefan Mitrasinovic Stefan Mitrasinovic 1Mohammad Asad Mohammad Asad 1Ian Parney Ian Parney 2,3Xingxing Zang Xingxing Zang 4,5Benjamin T. Himes Benjamin T. Himes 1,4*
  • 1 Other, Bronx, United States
  • 2 Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
  • 3 Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Michigan, United States
  • 4 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
  • 5 Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Immune checkpoint (IC) inhibition in glioblastoma (GBM) has not shown promising results in the last decade compared to other solid tumors. Several factors contributing to the lack of immunotherapy response include the profound immunosuppressive nature of GBM, highly redundant signaling pathways underlying immune checkpoints, and the negative immunogenic impact of current standard of care on the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we will discuss various ICs in the context of GBM, their interplay with the tumor immune microenvironment, relevant preclinical and clinical studies, and the impact of current treatment modalities on GBM IC blockade therapy. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive ICs, and how they contribute to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is critical in advancing IC inhibition therapy in GBM.Furthermore, revisiting current treatment modalities and their impact on the immune landscape is instrumental in designing future combinatorial therapies that may overcome treatment resistance.

    Keywords: immune checkpoints1, glioblastoma2, immune microenvironment3, tumor immunosuppression4, immunotherapy5

    Received: 28 Apr 2024; Accepted: 27 Aug 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 INOCENCIO, Mitrasinovic, Asad, Parney, Zang and Himes. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Benjamin T. Himes, Other, Bronx, United States

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.