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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Immunol.
Sec. Vaccines and Molecular Therapeutics
Volume 15 - 2024 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1420651
This article is part of the Research Topic SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Beyond the Pandemic Era View all 3 articles

Evaluation of the COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness on the outcomes of COVID 19 disease in Iran: a test-negative case-control study

Provisionally accepted
Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani 1Ghobad Moradi Ghobad Moradi 2Mohammadreza Naghipour Mohammadreza Naghipour 3Fatemeh Torkaman Asadi Fatemeh Torkaman Asadi 4Ali Ahmadi Ali Ahmadi 5Alireza Mirahmadizadeh Alireza Mirahmadizadeh 6AliAkbar Haghdoost AliAkbar Haghdoost 7Bita Mesgarpour Bita Mesgarpour 8Seyed Mohsen Zahraei Seyed Mohsen Zahraei 9Mohammad Mehdi Gouya Mohammad Mehdi Gouya 9Majid Mokhtari Majid Mokhtari 10Roya Safari-Faramani Roya Safari-Faramani 1Fariba Zomorodi Zare Fariba Zomorodi Zare 1Maryam Chegeni Maryam Chegeni 11Farid Najafi Farid Najafi 1*
  • 1 Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 2 Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
  • 3 Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Gilan, Iran
  • 4 Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Hamadan, Iran
  • 5 Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  • 6 Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
  • 7 Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Kerman, Iran
  • 8 National Institute for Medical Research And Development, Tehran, Alborz, Iran
  • 9 Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health and Medical Education (Iran), Tehran, Alborz, Iran
  • 10 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  • 11 Khomein University of Medical Sciences, khomein, Iran

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

    Introduction: This study measures the COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (CVE) against hospital admission and severe COVID-19. Methods: This study is a test-negative case-control design using data from eight provinces in April, 2021 until March, 2022. The individuals were classified as cases and controls based on the results of the RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 and matched based on the timing of the test being conducted as well as the timing of hospital admission. The measure of association was an odds ratio (OR) by univariate and multiple logistic regression. The multiple logistic regression has been carried out to take confounding factors and potential effect modifiers into account. The CVE was computed as CVE = (1 -OR)*100 with 95% confidence interval.Results: Among 19314 admitted patients, of whom 13216 (68.4%) were cases and 6098 (31.6%) were controls, 1313 (6.8%) died. From total, 5959 (30.8%) patients had received the vaccine in which one, two, and booster doses were 2443 (12.6%), 2796 (14.5 ٪ ), and 720 (3.7٪), respectively.The estimated adjusted effectiveness of only one dose, two doses and booter vaccination were 22% (95% CI: 14%-29%), 35% (95% CI: 29%-41%) and 33% (95% CI: 16%-47%), respectively.In addition, the adjusted vaccine effectiveness against severe outcome was 33% (95% CI: 19%-44%), 34% (95% CI: 20%-45%) and 20% (95% CI: -29%-50%) for those who received one, two and booster vaccinations, respectively.Our study concluded that full vaccination, though less effective compared to similar studies elsewhere, decreased hospital admissions and deaths from COVID-19 in Iran, particularly during the Delta variant period, with an observed decline during the Omicron variant dominance.

    Keywords: Vaccine effectiveness, COVID 19, Iran, Test-negative case-control, hospital admission, death

    Received: 20 Apr 2024; Accepted: 29 Jul 2024.

    Copyright: © 2024 Khosravi Shadmani, Moradi, Naghipour, Torkaman Asadi, Ahmadi, Mirahmadizadeh, Haghdoost, Mesgarpour, Zahraei, Gouya, Mokhtari, Safari-Faramani, Zomorodi Zare, Chegeni and Najafi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

    * Correspondence: Farid Najafi, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.