Sherri L. Christian
Geraldine Cambridge- 1Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- 2Department Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Editorial on the Research Topic
CD24 in the regulation of cellular development and disease
CD24 (heat stable antigen or nectadrin) is a GPI-linked, highly glycosylated, dynamically expressed molecule present on cells of the immune system, myeloid cells (including granulocytes), keratinocytes, adipocytes, and also on astrocytes, microglia and neurons (1).
The biological functions of CD24 cover a wide spectrum largely due to the nature and extent of glycosylation. CD24 lacks an intracellular signaling domain, but interestingly shows a superior ability to co-localize with, and organize, a wide range of cell surface molecules into lipid rafts associated with signaling pathways (1). Expression of CD24 is largely differentiation-associated, for example, it is most highly expressed on early lymphocyte progenitors and on neuronal cells during neurogenesis and regeneration (2).
In B cell development, CD24 expression was first used a marker for pre-B cells in fetal liver and bone marrow (3), and subsequently has become one of the main CD markers for staging B cell development (4). CD24 is high on progenitor B cells with slightly lower expression on immature B cells followed by a sharp decease at the naive stage. CD24 is re-expressed but with different functional properties on memory B cells. The signaling properties of CD24 change during B cell development, being linked to pro-apoptotic pathways in pre-B cells but not at later stages (5–7). Moreover, Mensah et al. previously showed a clear increase in CD24 expression in both naïve and memory IgD+B cell populations in the circulation of individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) (8).
In primary bone marrow B cells and B cell lines, CD24 increases the release of extracellular vesicles, which are able to transfer signalling competent receptors to recipient B cells (9–11). In cultured memory B cells, there is a link between CD24 expression and energy metabolism (glucose consumption) and with the metabolic stress response (pAMPK), and possibly senescence, in pre-switch memory B cells (12). CD24 is notably absent from mature plasma cells due to the dependence of niche occupancy on the interaction between CXCR4 (CD184) in lipid rafts on plasma cells and pro-survival signaling via C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12, SDF-1) in the bone marrow (13). CD24 expression excludes CXCR4 from lipid rafts so loss of CD24 is essential to allow access of developing B cells and mature plasma cells to supportive niches.
In the context of malignancy, CD24 expression is widespread, being expressed on approximately 70% of solid tumours and often associated with increased metastatic potential and poor prognosis (14). CD24 is, thus, useful for non-invasive fluorescence imaging, allowing improved tumour resection and as a focus for targeted therapy. When highly expressed on tumour cells, CD24 transmits a ‘do not eat me’ signal via Sigleg-10 receptors on macrophages; an in trans interaction between the two cell types (15). Therefore, as well as the possibility of targeting CD24 expressed on tumours using cytotoxic anti-CD24 biologics, the use of ‘blocking’ antibodies to CD24 could also be used as an enhancing agent for immunotherapy (16).
CD24 can also differentiate between the damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) response through binding to released self-proteins, eg. HMGB-1 and heat shock proteins, but not pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (17, 18). Specifically, binding to released HMGB-1 and heat shock proteins allows co-localisation, in cis, with Sigleg-10 in dendritic cells. This triggers the downregulation of proinflammatory signalling via the Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP)-Sigleg-10 pathway. The soluble molecule complexed with Fc fragment of IgG (CD24Fc), therefore, can block or blunt a broad inflammatory response leading to CD24Fc being used in several contexts including severe COVID-19 infection and autoinflammatory diseases (19, 20).
Under this Research Topic, there are two review articles and two original research articles. Liu and Zheng's review article focuses on the interactions between CD24 and Siglecs. CD24 is GPI-linked and, therefore, it must interact with a partner in cis to mediate signal transduction in the host cell. The authors review the literature demonstrating that CD24 functions via the CD33 family of Siglec proteins in various cell types. In particular, the observation that CD24 functions via Siglec-G/10 to inhibit the dendritic cell response to DAMPs and not PAMPs is highlighted as this paved the way for therapeutic targeting of CD24 via the CD24Fc protein to moderate immune activation. They then discuss the role of CD24 in autoimmune disorders and metabolic function.
In the second review article, Gu et al. discuss the association of CD24 with ovarian cancer. In ovarian cancer, increased CD24 expression is associated with increased metastasis and poorer survival. As the authors discuss, one reason for this observation may be because of the role CD24 plays in immune evasion via the “don’t eat me” signal towards macrophages. The authors finish by discussing other potential roles for CD24 in directly regulating ovarian cancer growth and progression.
In the original research article by Zhang et al. it was demonstrated that expression of CD24 on dendritic cells contributed to priming of T cells. Specifically, they showed that in the absence of CD24, adoptively transferred murine T cells do not undergo sufficient expansion and exhibit increased cell death. This phenotype was rescued when CD24 was re-expressed on dendritic cells.
Lastly, Armstrong et al. found that upon in vitro activation with T-dependent or Toll-like-receptor 9 (TLR)-dependent agonists CD24 expression on B cells from ME/CFS patients had a delayed decrease, consistent with in vivo results. Additional metabolomic studies further confirmed an association of CD24 with B cell metabolism, namely a correlation with glucose usage and lactate production. B cells from ME/CFS patients also had significantly higher uptake of amino acids, which has been associated with an increased degradation of nucleotides to AMP perhaps showing a possible link with fatigue in patients with ME/CFS. Thus, alterations in CD24 expression may potentially be useful in exploring B cell immunometabolism.
This Research Topic provides a window into the diverse functions of CD24 as well as increasing our knowledge of how CD24 directly regulates immune and innate cell interactions with tumour cells and contributes to T cell priming. Moreover, CD24 may also be linked with immunometabolism, particularly in B cells.
Author contributions
SC: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. GC: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1. Ayre DC, Christian SL. CD24: A rheostat that modulates cell surface receptor signaling of diverse receptors. Front Cell Dev Biol. (2016) 4:146. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00146
2. Fang X, Zheng P, Tang J, Liu Y. CD24: from A to Z. Cell Mol Immunol. (2010) 7:100–3. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2009.119
3. Bofill M, Janossy G, Janossa M, Burford GD, Seymour GJ, Wernet P, et al. Human B cell development. II. Subpopulations in the human fetus. J Immunol. (1985) 134:1531–8. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.134.3.1531
4. Hardy RR, Hayakawa K. B cell development pathways. Annu Rev Immunol. (2001) 19:595–692. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.595
5. Suzuki T, Kiyokawa N, Taguchi T, Sekino T, Katagiri YU, Fujimoto J. CD24 induces apoptosis in human B cells via the glycolipid-enriched membrane domains/rafts-mediated signaling system. J Immunol. (2001) 166:5567–77. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5567
6. Taguchi T, Kiyokawa N, Mimori K, Suzuki T, Sekino T, Nakajima H, et al. Pre-B cell antigen receptor-mediated signal inhibits CD24-induced apoptosis in human pre-B cells. J Immunol. (2003) 170:252–60. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.252
7. Lu L, Chappel MS, Humphries RK, Osmond DG. Regulation of cell survival during B lymphopoiesis: increased pre-B cell apoptosis in CD24-transgenic mouse bone marrow. Eur J Immunol. (2000) 30:2686–91. doi: 10.1002/1521-4141(200009)30:9<2686::AID-IMMU2686>3.0.CO;2-F
8. Mensah F, Bansal A, Berkovitz S, Sharma A, Reddy V, Leandro MJ, et al. Extended B cell phenotype in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a cross-sectional study. Clin Exp Immunol. (2016) 184:237–47. doi: 10.1111/cei.12749
9. Ayre DC, Elstner M, Smith NC, Moores ES, Hogan AM, Christian SL. Dynamic regulation of CD24 expression and release of CD24-containing microvesicles in immature B cells in response to CD24 engagement. Immunology. (2015) 146:217–33. doi: 10.1111/imm.12493
10. Ayre DC, Chute IC, Joy AP, Barnett DA, Hogan AM, Gruel MP, et al. CD24 induces changes to the surface receptors of B cell microvesicles with variable effects on their RNA and protein cargo. Sci Rep. (2017) 7:8642. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08094-8
11. Phan H-D, Longjohn MN, Gormley DJB, Smith RH, Dang-Lawson M, Matsuuchi L, et al. CD24 and IgM stimulation of B cells triggers transfer of functional B cell receptor to B cell recipients via extracellular vesicles. J Immunol. (2021) 207:3004–15. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100025
12. Mensah FFK, Armstrong CW, Reddy V, Bansal AS, Berkovitz S, Leandro MJ, et al. CD24 expression and B cell maturation shows a novel link with energy metabolism: potential implications for patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Front Immunol. (2018) 9:2421. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02421
13. Schabath H, Runz S, Joumaa S, Altevogt P. CD24 affects CXCR4 function in pre-B lymphocytes and breast carcinoma cells. J Cell Sci. (2006) 119:314–25. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02741
14. Altevogt P, Sammar M, Hüser L, Kristiansen G. Novel insights into the function of CD24: A driving force in cancer. Int J Cancer. (2021) 148:546–59. doi: 10.1002/IJC.33249
15. Barkal AA, Brewer RE, Markovic M, Kowarsky M, Barkal SA, Zaro BW, et al. CD24 signalling through macrophage Siglec-10 is a target for cancer immunotherapy. Nature. (2019) 572:392–6. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1456-0
16. Christian SL. CD24 as a potential therapeutic target in patients with B-cell leukemia and lymphoma: current insights. OncoTargets Ther. (2022) 15:1391–402. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S366625
17. Chen GY, Tang J, Zheng P, Liu Y. CD24 and Siglec-10 selectively repress tissue damage-induced immune responses. Science. (2009) 323:1722–5. doi: 10.1126/science.1168988
18. Chen GY, Chen X, King S, Cavassani KA, Cheng J, Zheng X, et al. Amelioration of sepsis by inhibiting sialidase-mediated disruption of the CD24-SiglecG interaction. Nat Biotechnol. (2011) 29:428–35. doi: 10.1038/nbt.1846
19. Song NJ, Allen C, Vilgelm AE, Riesenberg BP, Weller KP, Reynolds K, et al. Treatment with soluble CD24 attenuates COVID-19-associated systemic immunopathology. J Hematol Oncol. (2022) 15:5. doi: 10.1186/s13045-021-01222-y
Keywords: CD24, ovarian cancer, Siglec, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), T cell priming, immune evasion
Citation: Christian SL and Cambridge G (2024) Editorial: CD24 in the regulation of cellular development and disease. Front. Immunol. 15:1374701. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1374701
Received: 22 January 2024; Accepted: 20 February 2024;
Published: 27 February 2024.
Edited and Reviewed by:
Subbarao Bondada, University of Kentucky, United StatesCopyright © 2024 Christian and Cambridge. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Sherri L. Christian, c2hlcnJpLmNocmlzdGlhbkBtdW4uY2E=; Geraldine Cambridge, Zy5jYW1icmlkZ2VAdWNsLmFjLnVr