AUTHOR=Su Zhixiong , He Yufang , You Lijie , Zhang Guifeng , Chen Jingbo , Liu Zhenhua TITLE=Coupled scRNA-seq and Bulk-seq reveal the role of HMMR in hepatocellular carcinoma JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology VOLUME=15 YEAR=2024 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363834 DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363834 ISSN=1664-3224 ABSTRACT=Background

Hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR) is overexpressed in multiple carcinomas and influences the development and treatment of several cancers. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear.

Methods

The “limma” and “GSVA” packages in R were used to perform differential expression analysis and to assess the activity of signalling pathways, respectively. InferCNV was used to infer copy number variation (CNV) for each hepatocyte and “CellChat” was used to analyse intercellular communication networks. Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) was used to re-stage HCC patients. The IC50 values of various drugs were evaluated using the “pRRophetic” package. In addition, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to confirm HMMR expression in an HCC tissue microarray. Flow cytometry (FCM) and cloning, Edu and wound healing assays were used to explore the capacity of HMMR to regulate HCC tumour.

Results

Multiple cohort studies and qRT-PCR demonstrated that HMMR was overexpressed in HCC tissue compared with normal tissue. In addition, HMMR had excellent diagnostic performance. HMMR knockdown inhibited the proliferation and migration of HCC cells in vitro. Moreover, high HMMR expression was associated with “G2M checkpoint” and “E2F targets” in bulk RNA and scRNA-seq, and FCM confirmed that HMMR could regulate the cell cycle. In addition, HMMR was involved in the regulation of the tumour immune microenvironment via immune cell infiltration and intercellular interactions. Furthermore, HMMR was positively associated with genomic heterogeneity with patients with high HMMR expression potentially benefitting more from immunotherapy. Moreover, HMMR was associated with poor prognosis in patients with HCC and the re-staging by recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) gave a good prognosis prediction value and could guide chemotherapy and targeted therapy.

Conclusion

The results of the present study show that HMMR could play a role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatments of patients with HCC based on bulk RNA-seq and scRAN-seq analyses and is a promising molecular marker for HCC.