AUTHOR=Ávila-Nieto Carlos , Vergara-Alert Júlia , Amengual-Rigo Pep , Ainsua-Enrich Erola , Brustolin Marco , Rodríguez de la Concepción María Luisa , Pedreño-Lopez Núria , Rodon Jordi , Urrea Victor , Pradenas Edwards , Marfil Silvia , Ballana Ester , Riveira-Muñoz Eva , Pérez Mònica , Roca Núria , Tarrés-Freixas Ferran , Carabelli Julieta , Cantero Guillermo , Pons-Grífols Anna , Rovirosa Carla , Aguilar-Gurrieri Carmen , Ortiz Raquel , Barajas Ana , Trinité Benjamin , Lepore Rosalba , Muñoz-Basagoiti Jordana , Perez-Zsolt Daniel , Izquierdo-Useros Nuria , Valencia Alfonso , Blanco Julià , Clotet Bonaventura , Guallar Victor , Segalés Joaquim , Carrillo Jorge TITLE=Novel Spike-stabilized trimers with improved production protect K18-hACE2 mice and golden Syrian hamsters from the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology VOLUME=14 YEAR=2023 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291972 DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291972 ISSN=1664-3224 ABSTRACT=

Most COVID-19 vaccines are based on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S) or their subunits. However, S shows some structural instability that limits its immunogenicity and production, hampering the development of recombinant S-based vaccines. The introduction of the K986P and V987P (S-2P) mutations increases the production and immunogenicity of the recombinant S trimer, suggesting that these two parameters are related. Nevertheless, S-2P still shows some molecular instability and it is produced with low yield. Here we described a novel set of mutations identified by molecular modeling and located in the S2 region of the S-2P that increase its production up to five-fold. Besides their immunogenicity, the efficacy of two representative S-2P-based mutants, S-29 and S-21, protecting from a heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant challenge was assayed in K18-hACE2 mice (an animal model of severe SARS-CoV-2 disease) and golden Syrian hamsters (GSH) (a moderate disease model). S-21 induced higher level of WH1 and Delta variants neutralizing antibodies than S-2P in K18-hACE2 mice three days after challenge. Viral load in nasal turbinate and oropharyngeal samples were reduced in S-21 and S-29 vaccinated mice. Despite that, only the S-29 protein protected 100% of K18-hACE2 mice from severe disease. When GSH were analyzed, all immunized animals were protected from disease development irrespectively of the immunogen they received. Therefore, the higher yield of S-29, as well as its improved immunogenicity and efficacy protecting from the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant, pinpoint the S-29 mutant as an alternative to the S-2P protein for future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development.