AUTHOR=Pruksaphon Kritsada , Amsri Artid , Thammasit Patcharin , Nosanchuk Joshua D. , Youngchim Sirida 

TITLE=Extracellular vesicles derived from Talaromyces marneffei contain immunogenic compounds and modulate THP-1 macrophage responses

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=14

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192326

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192326

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=<p>Pathogenic eukaryotes including fungi release extracellular vesicles (EVs) which are composed of a variety of bioactive components, including peptides, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and membrane lipids. EVs contain virulence-associated molecules suggesting a crucial role of these structures in disease pathogenesis. EVs derived from the pathogenic yeast phase of <italic>Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei</italic>, a causative agent of systemic opportunistic mycoses “talaromycosis,” were studied for their immunogenic components and immunomodulatory properties. Some important virulence factors in EVs including fungal melanin and yeast phase specific mannoprotein were determined by immunoblotting. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy revealed that <italic>T. marneffei</italic> EVs were internalized by THP-1 human macrophages. Co-incubation of <italic>T. marneffei</italic> EVs with THP-1 human macrophages resulted in increased levels of supernatant interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-10. The expression of THP-1 macrophage surface CD86 was significantly increased after exposed to <italic>T. marneffei</italic> EVs. These findings support the hypothesis that fungal EVs play an important role in macrophage “classical” M1 polarization. <italic>T. marneffei</italic> EVs preparations also increased phagocytosis, suggesting that EV components stimulate THP-1 macrophages to produce effective antimicrobial compounds. In addition, <italic>T. marneffei</italic> EVs stimulated THP-1 macrophages were more effective at killing <italic>T. marneffei</italic> conidia. These results indicate that <italic>T. marneffei</italic> EVs can potently modulate macrophage functions, resulting in the activation of these innate immune cells to enhance their antimicrobial activity.</p>