AUTHOR=Zhou Guodong , Zhao Yuying , Ma Qifeng , Li Quan , Wang Shifeng , Shi Huoying 

TITLE=Manipulation of host immune defenses by effector proteins delivered from multiple secretion systems of Salmonella and its application in vaccine research

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=14

YEAR=2023

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152017

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152017

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=<p><italic>Salmonella</italic> is an important zoonotic bacterial species and hazardous for the health of human beings and livestock globally. Depending on the host, <italic>Salmonella</italic> can cause diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening systemic infection. In this review, we discuss the effector proteins used by <italic>Salmonella</italic> to evade or manipulate four different levels of host immune defenses: commensal flora, intestinal epithelial-mucosal barrier, innate and adaptive immunity. At present, <italic>Salmonella</italic> has evolved a variety of strategies against host defense mechanisms, among which various effector proteins delivered by the secretory systems play a key role. During its passage through the digestive system, <italic>Salmonella</italic> has to face the intact intestinal epithelial barrier as well as competition with commensal flora. After invasion of host cells, <italic>Salmonella</italic> manipulates inflammatory pathways, ubiquitination and autophagy processes with the help of effector proteins. Finally, <italic>Salmonella</italic> evades the adaptive immune system by interfering the migration of dendritic cells and interacting with T and B lymphocytes. In conclusion, <italic>Salmonella</italic> can manipulate multiple aspects of host defense to promote its replication in the host.</p>