AUTHOR=Alshammari Abdulrahman TITLE=Identification of novel inhibitors against hantaviruses through 2D fingerprinting and molecular modeling approaches JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology VOLUME=14 YEAR=2023 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113321 DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113321 ISSN=1664-3224 ABSTRACT=

With the immensely growing outbreaks of hantavirus with still no effective treatment available, there is an urgent need of exploring new computational approaches which will target potential virulent proteins that will eventually reduce its growth. In this study, an envelope glycoprotein, Gn, was targeted. The glycoproteins, which are the sole targets of neutralizing antibodies, drive virus entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis and endosomal membrane fusion. Inhibitors are herein proposed to negate its action mechanism. On the basis of the scaffolds of favipiravir, a FDA compound already used against hantavirus, a library was designed using a 2D fingerprinting approach. Upon molecular docking analysis, the top four docked compounds—(1) favipiravir (-4.5 kcal/mol), (2) N-hydroxy-3-oxo-3, 4-dihydropyrazine-2-carboxamide (-4.7 kcal/mol), (3) N, 5, 6-trimethyl-2-oxo-1H-pyrazine-3-carboxamide (-4.5 kcal/mol), and (4) 3-propyl-1H-pyrazin-2-one (-3.8)—were prioritized on the basis of the lowest binding energies score. Through molecular docking, the best-categorized compound was subjected to molecular dynamics simulation for a 100-ns time span. Molecular dynamics sheds light on each ligand behavior within the active site. Among the four complexes, only favipiravir and 6320122 compound were found to be stable inside the pocket. This is due to the presence of common rings, pyrazine and carboxamide ring, which make a significant interaction with active key residues Furthermore, the MMPB/GBSA binding free energy analysis calculated for all complexes supported the dynamics results by calculating the most stable values for favipiravir complex (-9.9933 and -8.6951 kcal/mol) and for 6320122 compound complex (-13.8675 and -9.3439 kcal/mol), which demonstrated that the selected compounds have a proper binding affinity with the targeted proteins. The hydrogen bond analysis similarly revealed a strong bonding interaction. The results yielded a strong interaction between the enzyme and the inhibitor throughout the simulation; thus, the inhibitor has the potential to become a lead compound and could be subjected to experimental evaluation to unveil their blockage ability.