AUTHOR=Weng Wen-Tsan , Kuo Ping-Chang , Scofield Barbara A. , Paraiso Hallel C. , Brown Dennis A. , Yu I-Chen , Yen Jui-Hung TITLE=4-Ethylguaiacol Modulates Neuroinflammation and Promotes Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression to Ameliorate Brain Injury in Ischemic Stroke JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology VOLUME=13 YEAR=2022 URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.887000 DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2022.887000 ISSN=1664-3224 ABSTRACT=
Ischemic stroke is caused by a sudden reduction in cerebral blood flow that subsequently induces a complex cascade of pathophysiological responses, leading to brain inflammation and irreversible infarction. 4-ethylguaiacol (4-EG) is reported to suppress inflammatory immune responses. However, whether 4-EG exerts anti-inflammatory effects in ischemic stroke remains unexplored. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of 4-EG and examined the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of 4-EG in ischemic stroke. The effect of 4-EG in ischemic stroke was determined by using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) animal model followed by exploring the infarct size, neurological deficits, microglia activation, inflammatory cytokine production, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, brain endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression, and microglial heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression.